In recent decades, due to advances in imaging and improvements in diagnostic algorithms, there has been a tendency to increase the frequency of detection of small renal masses for which nephron-sparing surgery is possible. To predict the potential complexity of partial nephrectomy and to reduce the degree of subjectivity in choosing the volume and method of surgical procedure, different groups of researchers proposed a significant number of concepts for evaluating renal tumours. The R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score is one of the first but remains relevant and is based on a set of anatomical characteristics. This score allows to classify renal neoplasms in a structured and standardized way. This article presents a method for evaluating the parameters of R.E.N.A.L. nephrometry score, as well as a brief literature review of its prognostic significance.

Background. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is asymptomatic up to severe stages and is characterized by a high mortality rate, reaching 90 % with the development of a metastatic process.

Objective: to determine the group of microRNA genes, the methylation of which is associated with the progression of the disease, in particular, with metastasis.

Materials and methods. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction in a representative sample of RCC patients (98 cases) showed an increase in the methylation status of 6 microRNA genes (MIR9-1, MIR9-3, MIR34b/c, MIR130b, MIR1258, MIR107) in tumor DNA samples relative to matched samples of histologically unchanged tissue.

Results. For 4 genes (MIR9-1, MIR107, MIR130b, MIR1258), a significant association of methylation with late (III-IV) stages, tumor size, loss of differentiation, and metastasis to lymph nodes or distant organs was shown. These 4 genes were used to compose a potential metastatic prognosis marker system with a clinical sensitivity of 68 % and a specificity of 84 % (area under curve 0.83), which will be applied in the final development of a system for personalized therapy of RCC patients.

Conclusion. The association of methylation of the MIR1258 with RCC metastasis has been shown for the first time and is of independent interest as a new promising marker for the prognosis of metastatic relapses.

Background. The most important task in the field of renal-cell cancer (RCC) treatment results improvement is the search and validation of the markers for its early diagnostics still absent in the clinical practice. It was established that even before the onset and/or detection of RCC the level of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in blood plasma did increase.

Objective of the study — comparative evaluation of KIM-1 levels in blood plasma of practically healthy persons, RCC cancer, benign kidney tumor patients, patients with non-oncological renal pathologies, and analysis of its role in RCC diagnostics and prognosis.

Materials and methods. 125 RCC (age 33—81 years), 14 — benign kidney neoplasms (29—84 years) patients, 90patients with chronic nephritis (28—82 years) and 68 practically healthy persons (18—71 years) were included in the study. Plasma KIM-1 content was measured using Human Serum TIM-1/KIM-1/HAVCR Quantikine® ELISA kit (R&D Systems Biotechne®, USA).

Results. KIM-1 level in blood plasma of RCC and chronic nephritis patients was significantly higher than in control (medians 305, 282 and 37.8pg/ml respectively, p <0.0001). The rate of KIM-1 elevation over cut-offvalue 90pg/ml corresponding to the upper 95 % confidence interval of control in RCC patients comprised 79.2 %, in patients with nephritis — 83 %, in those with benign renal tumors — 50 %. Specificity in relation to healthy control was 96 %. KIM-1 level highly significantly increased with RCC progression, and already at stage I was 4.3-fold higher by median than in control (p <0.0001). Sensitivity of stage I—IIRCC detection at cut-off 90pg/ml comprised 75 %; stage III—IV — 94 %. The highest plasma KIM-1 levels were detected in papillary cancer patients (median 644pg/ml), that was more than 2-fold higher than in clear-cell and 32-fold higher than in chromophobic RCC. Plasma KIM-1 median level was 7-fold higher in patients with G3 4RCC than in those with G12 (p <0.0001). At the cut-off KIM-1 value of 163pg/ml, corresponding to the median at stage I, significant differences in 3.5-years overall survival both in the total group: 49 % at high, 95 % at low marker level (p <0.01), and at stage I RCC: 62 % and 100 % respectively (p <0.05) — were revealed.

Conclusion. Plasma KIM-1 may become the first highly sensitive marker for the early detection of RCC, but it does not allow differentiating between oncologic and non-oncologic renal pathologies. Increased basal plasma KIM-1 is an unfavorable prognostic factor irrespective of the stage of tumor progression.

Objective: to develop a method of laparoscopic resection of a kidney tumor with super selective balloon occlusion of the segmental renal artery and targeted chemoembolization. Another purpose is to estimate the degree of fixation of the chemotherapy drug in the kidney parenchyma.

Materials and methods. The study included the results of experiments on 14 laboratory rabbits, who underwent an intra-arterial injection of the coloring substance of Ponceau S and there were determined its concentration in the renal parenchyma after fixation with a hemostatic suture for 8 days after the injection of the marker. Besides, there were included the results of 13 studies of the contrast substance of ultraravist and gadovist concentration in the renal tissue of patients after resection of the neoplasm with intra-arterial injection of the contrast substance into the parenchyma of the operated kidney.

Results. The implemented study showed the presence of a high concentration of a substance injected into the renal artery and a hemostatic suture fixed to the wound edges in the kidney tissue for 6-8 days of the postoperative period.

Conclusion. Laparoscopic resection of a malignant kidney tumor with a super-selective balloon occlusion of the segmental renal artery, supplemented by the injection of a targeted chemotherapy agent into the renal artery is a highly effective, safe and simple method of surgical treatment of kidney cancer with enhanced anti-relapse protection due to high concentrations of chemotherapy in the resection area.

Background. Prostate cancer holds one of the leading positions among malignant neoplasms in men. One of the most well-studied tumor-specific maskers is the PCA3 score in urine obtained after prostate massage. However, the study of the PCA3 score without prostate massage can significantly simplify the preanalytical phase of the study and minimize discomfort for the patient.

Objective. Investigation of the diagnostic significance of PCA3, determined in urine sediment without prostate massage and its comparison with the PCA3 score after prostate massage.

Materials and methods. The study included 2 groups of patients. In the first group (n = 50), the PCA3 score was assessed without prostate massage, and in the second group (n = 15) PCA3 was assessed in urine obtained before and after massage.

Results. The area under the ROC-curve (AUC) for the PCA3 score without prostate massage was 0.722 (95 % confidence interval 0.579—0.865; p = 0.008). Using the ROC analysis, the threshold value, sensitivity and specificity were determined: 25, 72.41 % (95 % confidence interval 54.28— 85.30 %) and 57.14 % (95 % confidence interval 36.55—75.53 %), respectively. The PCA3 score after massage was found to be more sensitive than without prostate massage. A small volume of material, less than 20 ml, significantly affects the sensitivity of PCA3 without massage.

Conclusion. PCA3 without prostate massage may serve as an option to improve the early diagnosis of prostate cancer, but its advantage over PCA3 after prostate massage has not been shown.

Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies. The gold standard of PCa diagnostics is morphological examination of prostate tissues obtained using 10-12-core biopsy. However, the number of false-negative results and detected clinically insignificant forms of cancer remain high. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive and specific method of radiation diagnosis of PCa. The use of MRI data for prostate biopsy (fusion-biopsy) increases the accuracy of this procedure.

Objective: to increase the accuracy of PCa diagnostics using targeted pararectal prostate biopsy guided by computed tomography (CT)/MRI.

Materials and methods. A total of 95 patients underwent CT/MRI-guided targeted pararectal biopsy between March 2015 and March 2020. The mean level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 13.7 ± 12.6 ng/mL. All men were found to have 1 to 3 lesions with a PI-RADS score between 3 and 5.

Patients were divided into 4 groups: 1^st group (n = 33) included patients in whom transrectal access was impossible; 2^nd group (n = 22) included patients with suspected local recurrence of PCa after brachytherapy; 3^rd group (n = 28) included patients with a negative result of primary biopsy, but with growing PSA level; 4th group (n = 12) included patients who preferred targeted biopsy. We performed targeted biopsy of each suspicious lesion according to MRIscans. Then we performed ‘blind’ systematic 10-14-core biopsy, where we did not take into account the location of suspicious foci and they could be, therefore, accidentally used for sample collection for the second time.

Results. Histological examination revealed PCa in 71 out of 95 patients (74.7 %): in 27 out of 33 in 1^st group (81.8 %), in 19 out of 22 in 2^nd group (86.4 %), in 17 out of 28 in 3^rd group (60.7 %), and in 8 out of 12 in 4^th group (66.7 %). In 21 patients (29.6 %), PCa was diagnosed only in samples obtained using targeted biopsy; in 9 patients (12.7 %), PCa was diagnosed only in samples after systematic biopsy; in 41 patients (57.7 % PCa was detected by both targeted and systematic biopsy. Clinically significant cancer (Gleason score ≥7) was diagnosed in 84.5 % of cases after targeted biopsy and in 70.4 % of cases after systemic biopsy.

Conclusion. CT/MRI-guided prostate fusion biopsy increases the accuracy of PCa diagnostics by additional detection of clinically significant tumors, including those in patients in whom the rectal access is impossible.

Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) remains one of the most relevant problems in oncology. The incidence and mortality of PCa is constantly rising in Russia. The rate of annual increase in the number of new PCa cases is the highest among all malignancies in Russia and reaches 87.7 % over 10 years (from 2008 to 2018). Approximately one-third of patients have high-risk PCa. This article analyzes the outcomes of surgical treatment in high-risk PCa patients.

Objective: to evaluate survival of patients with high-risk PCa after surgical treatment and analyze prognostic factors affecting survival.

Materials and methods. This retrospective study included 1507 high-risk PCa patients who have undergone surgical treatment at P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute. Study participants were divided into groups to assess the effect of preoperative prognostic factors on patient survival after surgery. The following factors were analyzed: level of prostate specific antigen >20 ng/mL, Gleason score 8—10, and сТ3—4 clinical stage.

Results. Median follow-up time was 58 months. The five-year biochemical relapse-free survival rate in the general group was 57.4 %; five-year overall and cancer-specific survival rates were 94.4 % and 97.7 %, respectively. The incidence of biochemical relapses and survival rates depended on the presence and number of risk factors in the groups studied (p <0.0001). The frequency of local relapses and disease progression also depended on the number of risk factors: the more poor prognostic factors the patient had, the lower was the survival.

Conclusion. To find an optimal treatment strategy for high-risk PCa patients after surgery, we recommend using an extended classification (depending on the number of risk factors), since the number of prognostic factors affects survival rates.

Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignant diseases in men worldwide, with over 1.1 million cases of PCa reported annually. In the Russian Federation, the proportion of patients with stage I—II PCa from 2008 to 2018 increased from 37.6 % to 56 %, which in turn allows more and more patients to perform radical treatment methods. However, it should be noted that the number of patients with both recurrent PCa after radiation therapy (external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) or brachytherapy) and with local recurrence after radical prostatectomy (RPE) is steadily increasing.

Objective. Improve treatment outcomes for patients with recurrent PCa.

Materials and methods. A. F. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center — branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, since 2016, has been treating patients with recurrent PCa using salvage high-dose brachytherapy (SHDR) (192Ir) after radical radiation treatment (EBRT, brachytherapy) or with local recurrence after RPE. Patients with recurrent PCa were divided into three groups, depending on the type of initial radical treatment: patients with recurrent disease after RPE, after EBRT and after brachytherapy.

Results. The most favorable results of SHDR were registered in the group of patients with local recurrence after RPE: in 7 patients out of 8 (87 %), one year after the PSA, the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was less than 0.1 ng/mL. In 1 patient, the PSA level dropped to 0.71 ng/mL (baseline 2.47 ng/mL) two years after salvage treatment. Currently, there is a further decrease in PSA levels.

Results after SHDR (¹⁹²Ir) in patients with relapse after EBRT: of 8 patients, 2 (25 %) had PSA levels less than 0.2 ng/mL after a year. In 4 patients, the PSA level two years after treatment was more than 2.0 ng/mL. In these patients, a relapse was registered. Another 2 patients also had a repeated relapse after SHDR.

The following results were obtained after carrying out SHDR in patients with relapse after braahythempy (both low- and high-dose). Of the 12patients, 7patients (58 %) had PSA levels less than 0.5 ng/mL two years after SHDR. SHDR was performed in the mode of two fractions of 12.5 Gyerahwith an interval of two weeks between them. In 3 patients, the PSA level exceeded 0.5 ng/ mL two years after the salvage treatment, and therefore, a second relapse is determined in them. Another 2 patients also had a repeated relapse.

Conclusion. This article provides preliminary results of our research. We would like to reiterate that as possible options for the treatment of local recurrence of PCa, it is possible to choose salvage prostatectomy, salvage radiation therapy, hormonal therapy or SHDR brachytherapy. In some cases EBRT is used in this category of patients, however, this can lead to the development of severe radiation damage. The choice of a treatment method in case of recurrent PCa is a complex problem, the decision of which is based on many factors. The clinical course of PCa, the prevalence of the disease, the level of markers, and molecular genetic data are taken into account.

Background. Prostate cancer (PCa) is rapidly gaining a leading position in the incidence of malignant tumors among men. With a general decrease in mortality from all oncological diseases, mortality from PCa in the Russian Federation is increasing: in 2005 there were 8192 deaths, in 2015 - 11987.

Objective of the study. Calculation and assessment of survival rates for patients with PCa in the Samara region for the period from 2010 to 2016, taking into account the stage of the disease, the place of residence of patients, a comparative analysis of the observed, adjusted and relative 5-year survival for this disease in a number of regions of Russia and in the world.

Materials and methods. The object of the study was all registered patients for the period 2010-2016, with the first established PCa.

The calculation and analysis of the observed (OS), adjusted (AS) and relative (OS) survival of 7670 patients with PCa taking into account the stage of the disease and place of residence (urban residents — 6408people, rural — 1262), registered in the database of the population cancer registry of Samara Region Clinical Oncology Clinic. The start date of the study is January 1, 2010, the end date is December 31, 2019. The calculation of survival was carried out by the dynamic (actuarial) method.

Results. When assessing the survival of patients with PCa, lower rates of observed survival were observed than adjusted, which indicates the presence of intercurrent causes of death.

During the study period, an inverse dependence of survival on the prevalence of the tumor process was revealed. The level of observed survival and adjusted survival of all patients is associated in the survival range at stages II—III: 1-year-old observed survival — 89.1 % (adjusted survival — 92.3 %), 5-year-old observed survival — 62.6 % (adjusted survival — 76.6 %).

The adjusted and relative survival rate for the urban population is higher than for the rural population, which may indicate an insufficient level of access to cancer care for patients with PCa in rural areas: the indicators of 1-year adjusted survival of urban residents are higher — 3.3 % (relative survival — 2.4 %), 5-year-old adjusted survival—7.4 % (relative survival — 10.3 %) than in patients registered in rural hospitals.

Conclusion. A comparative analysis of indicators of 1- and 5-year survival of patients with PCa in the Samara region and a number of regions of the Russian Federation for 2006—2010 revealed that domestic indicators of 1-year and 5-year relative survival are slightly lower than the European average for 2000—2007. The range of indicators of the 5-year relative survivalfor 2010—2013 in the Samara region amounted to 82.2—93.1 %.

Several treatment options are currently available for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in routine clinical practice. However, clear standards of sequential use of registered drugs have not yet been developed. Affecting bone metastases, radium-223 is one of therapeutic options for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases, which was included in foreign and Russian guidelines for prostate cancer management. This article analyzes the results of treatment with radium-223 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in foreign non-interventional clinical trials conducted in routine clinical practice. These trials confirmed high efficacy and safety of radium-223 demonstrated earlier in the ALSYMPCA trial. Some protocols ensured better overall survival rates and lower incidence of symptomatic skeletal events and adverse events than those in the registration study.

Objective: to study the long-term functional results of creating an orthotopic urinary reservoir from the ileocecal angle in comparison with the Studer technique of creating a urinary reservoir after radical cystectomy in women.

Materials and methods. From 2004 to 2018 radical cystectomy for bladder cancer was performed in 120 women. In 71 (59.2 %) patients, an orthotopic urinary reservoir was formed: 48 (67.6 %) from the ileum, 23 (32.4 %) from segments of the colon. This study included 11 patients who had a reservoir formed from the ileocecal angle, including by their own modification, and 13 patients who had a reservoir forme by Studer. The average age of the patients was 62.6 ± 2.6 (29—82) years. The average follow-up time was 77.1 ± 10.5 (19—184) months. The presence and degree of urinary incontinence was assessed using a questionnaire and a Pad test. 12 months or more after the operation, a complex urodynamic study was performed.

Results. The overall 5-year survival rate was 92.3 %: in the Studergroup it was 90.9 %, in the ileocecal angle group it was 100 % (p = 0.317). In the general population of patients, 37.5 % were completely continent. Women after plastic surgery by Studer retained urine better than after plastic surgery by ileocecal angle (46.2 % vs 27.3 %), the difference was only for mild urinary incontinence, which was more common in the ileocecal angle group. The frequency of severe urinary incontinence in both groups was the same. Nocturnal urinary incontinence was more common in patients in the Studer group (46.2 %). In the group of patients with ileocecal angle plastic surgery, there was no chronic urinary retention requiring intermittent catheterization, and in the group of Studer plastic surgery — in 1 (7.7 %) case. Analysis of urodynamic parameters revealed the presence of a greater physiological capacity of the urinary reservoir in the group of patients after plastic surgery according to Studer (p = 0.043). In the group of patients with ileocecal angle plastic surgery, higher values of the maximum pressure of the reservoir wall, “leakage pressure” and maximum expulsion pressure are observed, possibly associated with a more pronounced muscle layer of the intestinal segment used.

Conclusion. The functional results of the orthotopic reservoir formedfrom the ileocecal angle are comparable to the results of urine derivation using the classical Studer method. Complex urodynamic study showed a direct influence of various characteristics of the reservoir on the nature and degree of urination disorders in patients.

This review aims to summarize the latest data on the treatment of bladder cancer published during the specified period. Most of them are evidence-based and were obtained in randomized trials. A new classification based on molecular data was proposed at a consensus meeting of pathologists. A significant correlation has been demonstrated between life expectancy and morphological structure of the tumor. This article covers chemotherapy regimens for patient with BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) intolerance. Immunotherapeutic agents for muscle-invasive bladder cancer are being actively studied now; scientists are searching for the best treatment regimens with these drugs and their combinations with other antitumor agents. The European Association of Urology has developed a new classification of intraoperative adverse events and recommendations for pharmacotherapy and surgical treatment of patients with bladder cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic. In conclusion, the opinions of experts from the consensus meeting on the treatment of various forms of bladder cancer are given.

Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) is a method, capable of evaluation of not only structural, but also metabolic alterations in organs and tissues. ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-PDG) PET/CT is widely used in diagnostics of various malignant tumors, but its role in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains obscure.

Despite its limited effectiveness in primary and differential diagnosis of RCC, PET/CT can be used to determine the grade of malignancy and the histological type of tumor. According to various authors, ¹⁸F-FDG standardized uptake value (SUV) of a renal neoplasm can serve as an independent prognostic factor of overall survival.

¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is widely used to detect local recurrence and metastatic lesions in various neoplastic processes. Numerous studies confirm the high efficiency of PET/CT in detection of metastases and recurrence discernment for RCC.

The ability to assess the metabolic activity of neoplastic foci using PET/CT may allow for evaluation of RCC therapy effectiveness, which is confirmed by clinical studies of various targeted therapy agents, such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies.

Thus, there is growing evidence that ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT is a useful tool in diagnostics of RCC.

Prostate cancer is the actual problem of oncourology due to the steady increase in incidence. Despite active use of prostate cancer screening methods and introduction of new diagnostic markers into practice, the problem of overdiagnosis and over-treatment of this disease remains selevant.

MicroRNAs are a promising biomarker, whose diagnostic and prognostic significance for prostate cancer is being actively studied now. This review provides information on microRNAs detected in the tissues of the prostate gland, blood and urine of patients with prostate cancer.

Being the most common malignancy in men, prostate cancer (PCa) is a significant social and medical problem. The development of new approaches to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of PCa is one of the most important tasks of current urological oncology.

The renin-angiotensin cascade plays a crucial role in the regulation of most physiological and pathophysiological conditions in the human organism, including vascular tone, blood pressure, development and progression of atherosclerosis, and key metabolic processes. The classical regulation axis of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is well known and includes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin II/ angiotensin II receptors. Recently, new RAS elements have been found and described, such as ACE2 (homologue of ACE), angiotensin isoforms 1—7, alamandin, etc. This resulted in the discovery of many new alternative axes of RAS regulation, including ACE2/angiotensin-(1—7)/ MAS receptor, prorenin/(pro)renin receptor/MAP kinase, and angiotensin A/almandin/receptor D (MrgD). The prostate gland has a local RAS; all main components of RAS are expressed in prostate tissues.

This review analyzes molecular mechanisms underlying carcinogenic effects of RAS, as well as classical and alternative pathways of RAS regulation in PCa. We have described the results of studies evaluating individual RAS parameters in PCa, which confirm the existence of a complex network between various elements of local RAS and molecular and cellular mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. RAS has been proved to play an important role in PCa development and progression.

We have also covered new therapeutic targets for PCa treatment, presumable mechanisms of action, and prospects of using RAS inhibitors for PCa.

Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is one of the main treatments for patients with locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer. ADT decreases the level of testosterone. Despite the development of new effective drugs in recent years, luteinizing gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists are frequently administered as ADT. One of the most commonly used first-line drugs is triptorelin (Diferelin®). In Russia, patients usually receive slow-release triptorelin administered once every month or every 3 months (intramuscular injections) and once every 3 months (subcutaneous injections); the result of using different dosage forms is comparable. Triptorelin effectively keeps serum testosterone level below 20 ng/dL, thereby increasing the time to development of castration-resistant prostate cancer, overall survival of patients receiving combination treatment with radiotherapy, and reduces the severity of symptoms from the lower urinary tract. Triptorelin has a good safety profile and is generally well tolerated by patients.

The following review presents a problem of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and its association with germline or somatic mutations in homologous recombination repair (HRR). In 2020, olaparib was approved in the Russian Federation as a monotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with germline or somatic mutations of genes involved in DNA repair by homologous recombination, after progression on therapy with new hormonal drugs. We describe a review of the main olaparib clinical trials assessing its efficacy, safety and tolerance in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a second of the most commonly diagnosed carcinoma in the male population. Usually sites of secondary lesions are lymph nodes and bones. Most cases of testicular metastases are incidentally diagnosed after orchiectomy.

We present a case of 62-year-old man with metastatic castration-resistant PCa and symptomatic testicular metastasis with contralateral epididymal metastasis. Right site radical orchiectomy and left site orchiectomy was performed. The pathology report identified PCa metastases in the right testis and in the left epididymis.

Testicular and epididymal metastases are uncommon in PCa. Therefore, a testicular physical examination is necessary for patients with PCa. Physicians have to keep in mind the possibility of testicular metastasis in cases of biochemical recurrence and progression of the disease.

The incidence of mesenchymal bladder tumors is 1—5 %; of them, 0.43 % are bladder leiomyomas. The choice of treatment strategy primarily depends on the size and location of the tumor. Small endovesical leiomyomas can be removed by transurethral resection of the bladder, while in case of large (>5 cm) intramural or extravesical leiomyomas, laparoscopic resection is more effective. In this article, we report a case of large (>7 cm) bladder leiomyoma in a 28-year-old female patient. The patient has undergone laparoscopic resection of the bladder at P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute.

About 20—25 % of all rhabdomyosarcomas in children are located in the urogenital zone. Due to introduction of new drug treatment protocols and the use of radiation therapy, most patients are cured by conservative methods. Only about 20 % of patients undergo surgical treatment, significant number of which are underwent organ-preserving operations. In those cases when the tumor has resistance to conservative treatment, when there is a residual tumor or relapse of the disease develops, radical organ-resecting operations are considered. Among the methods of urine derivation after cystectomy, preference is given to options that allow patients to carry out urine excretion voluntary: the formation of heterotopic reservoirs connected to the urethra or opening on the skin surfaces, which are constructed from different parts of the intestine. A clinical example of late postoperative complication is presented — a calculi formation within the pouch 7 years after radical cystprostatectomy with continent urinary diversion in a patient operated for urogenital rhabdomyosarcoma.