Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of surgical treatment in patients with locally advanced kidney cancer (KC), by comparing the immediate and late results of organ-sparing surgery (OSS) and nephrectomies.
Subjects and methods. The results of surgical treatment were analyzed in 251 patients with KC who had undergone OSS (n = 124) or nephrectomy (n = 127). The groups were matched for gender, age, stage, and baseline glomerular filtration rate. Surgical complications were evaluated according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. Survival rates were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. 
Results. There were no significant differences between the two patient groups in the amount of blood loss (median 300 ml) and in the hospital length of stay. The median renal ischemia time was 15.0±3.4 min. Complications after OSS and nephrectomies occurred in 10.4 and 4.7% of cases. The OSS group was found to tend to have higher 5-year overall survival rates (89.1%) than the nephrectomy group (70.6%) (p = 0.248). Conclusion. OSS is an effective, safe treatment option for KC, at the same time it is still inadequately frequently used in wide clinical practice. The OSS group was found to tend to have higher 5-year overall and relapse-free survival rates than the nephrectomy group (p > 0.05). 

The paper describes the personal experience with one-stage operations for bilateral nephroblastoma (BN) in children.
In 2000 to 2012, the Research Institute of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Institute, performed one-stage surgical interventions in 21 (26.2 %) children with BN. Their age ranged from 10 months to 5 years. The one-stage surgery as bilateral nephrectomy was made in 9 children. Nephrectomy with one-stage resection of the contralateral kidney was carried out in 4 children; 4 patients underwent one-stage surgery as resection of one kidney and biopsy of the other and 4 patients had nephrectomy and biopsy of the second kidney.
BN is a rare disease as suggested by the data available in the world literature; each new report on patients with BN is of great scientific and practical interest. The rate of BN is 4 to 10 % of all kidney cancers in children. Synchronous and metachronous kidney injuries are encountered in 5–7 and 2–3 % of cases, respectively. Bilateral renal involvement is more commonly diagnosed in younger children. The major peak incidence of BN occurs from ages 3 to 5 years. The disease is rarely diagnosed in children above 10 years. Boys and girls are equally frequently ill. 

The efficiency of treatment was evaluated and the predictors of adjusted survival (AS) were identified in patients with disseminated kidney cancer treated at the Republican Research and Practical Center for Oncology and Medical Radiology in 1999 to 2011 (A.E. Okeanov, P.I. Moiseev, L.F. Levin. Malignant tumors in Belarus, 2001–2012. Edited by O.G. Sukonko). Seven factors (regional lymph node metastases; distant bone metastases; a high-grade tumor; sarcomatous tumor differentiation; hemoglobin levels of < 125 g/l in women and < 150 g/l in men; an erythrocyte sedimentation rate of 40 mm/h; palliative surgery) were found to have an independent, unfavorable impact on AS. A multidimensional model was built to define what risk group low (no more than 2 poor factors), moderate (3–4 poor factors), and high (more than 4 poor factors)) the patients with Stage IV kidney cancer belonged to. In these groups, the median survival was 34.7, 17.2, and 4.0 months and 3-year AS rates were 48.6, 24.6, and 3.2 %, respectively. 

Background. The high incidence of recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma (BC) necessitates searches for new surgical methods.
Objective: to comparatively evaluate the efficiency and safety of en block resection of bladder tumors versus transurethral resection (TUR). Subjects and methods. In January 2010 to June 2013, a total of 292 patients with primary and recurrent bladder tumor stages, cTa-T2, underwent transurethral endoscopic treatment (as TUR) at the Unit of Minimally Invasive Urology, Moscow City Clinical Hospital Fifty-Seven. A major portion of these patients were included in the study of the efficiency and safety of en bloc TUR of bladder tumors. The criteria for study inclusion were primary or recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder tumor measuring 1 to 3 cm, stage pTa-T1, signed informed consent to participate in the study and patients» readiness to undergo control examinations in inpatient setting for one year. The exclusion criteria were a confirmed or detected muscleinvasive tumor, multiple bladder involvement (> 3 tumors), as well as detected tumors spreading to the ureter, bladder neck, and prostatic urethra. The primary study endpoint was considered to be a recurrence of a tumor after TUR of the bladder (TURB). The secondary endpoint was the frequency of concealed bladder perforation, blood transfusions, recystoscopies for bladder tamponade, early recystoscopies to specify a BC stage, and the frequency of immediate intravesical injection of a chemical.
For final analysis, the investigators selected 106 patients in a group where tumors were removed en bloc (a study group) and 133 patients in a group where tumors were retrieved using traditional TURB (a control group).
In the study group, the tumor was removed en bloc by a monopolar J-shaped electrode (sand wedge electrode) in 45 patients, by a hook-like electrode in 14, by a hybrid procedure (hydropreparation and monopolar electrosurgery by a water-jet hybrid knife) in 10, and by holmium laser in the remaining 37 patients.
Results. The recurrence rates in the study and control groups were 10.4 and 21.8 %, respectively (p ≤ 0.05). There were no significant differences in the time of surgery, the periods of bladder drainage, and the frequency of complications. In the study group, the immediate instillation of a chemical was possible in 54.7 % of the patients versus 24 % in the control group (р ≤ 0.05), indirectly suggesting that en bloc TUR of the bladder was less safe (the bladder resection area, concealed perforations, hemorrhagic complications, etc. were less.). Early recystoscopy and biopsy were required in 9.4 % of the patients in the study group versus 24 % of those in the control group (p ≤ 0.05), which is mainly attributable to more qualitative histological material obtained during en bloc TUR.
According to the visual analogue scale, the quality of the histological materials obtained by retrieving the tumor en block was 93 versus 61 scores during standard TUR.
Conclusion. En bloc TUR of the bladder is more effective and safer than standard TUR in the group of patients with non-muscle-invasive BC and 1–3-cm tumors. Histological material obtained by removing the tumor en bloc can provide a more qualitative morphological opinion. 

Background. Russia annually notifies 12,700 new bladder cancer (BC) cases; one third of them have invasive forms.
Objective: to assess the first results of using balloon procedures to treat ureteroneocystoanastomotic strictures in patients with BC after cystectomies.
Subjects and methods. In 2006 to 2013, the Russian Research Center for Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, treated 746 patients, including 69 (9.2 %) patients who were treated by cystectomy for BC. All the 69 patients were preoperatively diagnosed as having locally advanced BC. Urothelial carcinoma was detected in 66 of the 69 patients; 3 patients had squamous cell carcinoma. BC was concurrent with other tumors in 7 patients.
Early postoperative complications were noted in 49 (71 %) patients; late postoperative ones were seen in 14 (20.3 %). Ureteroneocystoanastomotic strictures were found in 6 patients; they were all treated using balloon dilation of an ureteroneocystoanastomotic area.
Results. Balloon dilation of ureteroneocystoanastomotic strictures was successful in all the 6 patients. The postoperative period was uncomplicated in all the cases. The strictures were removed in all the cases; no hydronephrosis progression was observed during 6–36-month followup periods.
Conclusion. As the results of balloon dilation carried out in a larger number of patients accumulate, this may be recommended as a minimally invasive treatment option for ureteroneocystoanastomotic strictures in BC patients after cystectomy. 

This investigation was conducted in women with small pelvic involvements. Thirty-five case reports were analyzed; treatment results were known in 33 (94.3 %) patients. The patients» age was 55.9 (34-82) years. According to the source of the pathological process, there were 3 patient groups: gynecological, urological, and colorectal. The basic surgical procedure was anterior or total pelvic exenteration. The specific features of all cases were locally advanced tumors, recurrences, and complications due to performed treatment (radiotherapy) for cancer of the cervix uteri. Surgical treatment was feasible in all cases; in this case bleeding was arrested, pain syndrome was relieved, and urination and defecation control was restored. 

The retroperitoneal space may be a site for a broad spectrum of both rare benign and malignant tumors that are in turn a focus of primary or metastatic involvement. Sarcomas, lymphomas, and different epithelial tumors (of the kidney, adrenal, and pancreas) constitute the bulk of retroperitoneal tumors. Detection of a large-sized tumor located at one of the renal poles may raise the question of whether this mass is a kidney tumor or an extraorgan retroperitoneal tumor adjacent to or growing into the kidney. In view of significant differences in treatment procedures for various retroperitoneal tumors, when the origin of the mass is unknown, there is a need for an individual approach to defining the optimal therapeutic and diagnostic tactics, by attracting specialists in allied fields. 

Open-label observational studies can objectively assess treatment in routine clinical practice, which is important from both the scientific and pharmacoeconomical points of view. In 2013, a multicenter open-label prospective observational EQUILIBRIUM study was initiated to describe the Russian experience with Eligard 45 mg used to treat disseminated prostate cancer (PC) in routine clinical practice. A total of 623 patients who had different stages of PC and had been previously treated for this condition were included in the program. The mean age of the patients was 68.9±8.55 years; their mean level of prostate-specific antigen was equal to 42.2 ng/ml and that of testosterone was 89 ng/dl. At the same time, pretreatment testosterone concentrations were measured in only one third of the patients. When included in the program, the patients had a rather high quality of life as evidenced by the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire: its mean index was 0.84±0.18 scores (complete well-being was taken as 1); the mean visual analogue scale health status scores were 75.15±16.5 mm (0, worst health; 100, best health). During the study, most patients received hormone therapy with Eligard 45 for locally advanced PC and distant metastases were detectable in only 15.89 % of the patients. 

Sorafenib is the first registered new-generation targeted drug for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). As of today, there have been as many as 7 medications used for targeted therapy for disseminated RCC. This has provided a possibility to choose a drug and raised a number questions also remaining relevant at this moment: Which drug treatment should be started? Which criterion should be used to evaluate the efficiency of treatment? Is there any optimal sequence of drugs?

The given review attempts to systemize the currently available data to answer the asked questions.
According to the results of recently completed trials, sorafenib ranks below other agents for first-line therapy for metastatic RCC in progression- free survival (PFS), which fails to translate into overall survival (OS) rates. In contrast, due to its properties, the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib ensures better OS rates, by achieving disease control in the larger proportion of cases (the number of objective replies + stabilization), and has an admissible toxicity profile; at the same time the probability of treatment discontinuation because of intolerability of the drug is not greater than 10 %. Thus, by taking into account of the possible sequence of targeted drugs, one should try to achieve the highest OS sooner than to use PFS as an efficiency criterion. The clinical findings have served as the basis for including sorafenib as an agent for first- and next-line therapy for RCC in the leading Russian (RUSSCO, Russian Society of Oncologists) and foreign (ESMO, NCCN) clinical guidelines. 

Testicular tumors are the most common form of solid cancer in young men. According to the 2004 WHO classification, testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) may present with different histological types. Embryonic cells of varying grade may be a source of TGCT and the occurrence of this type of tumors is directly related to the formation of a pool of male sex cells and gametogenesis. The paper gives information on mo- lecular stages for the process of formation of male sex cells in health, as well as ways of their impairments leading to TGCT. An investigation of the profiles of gene expression and the spectrum of molecular damages revealed genes responsible for a predisposition to the sporadic and hereditary forms of TGCT.

The paper presents the current molecular genetic and clinicomorphological characteristics of TGCT.