The review deals with the-state-of-the-art of diagnosis and prediction of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (BC). It gives data on the chromosomal abnormalities identified in urothelial cancer cells according to the results of trials. The development of a procedure for FISH diagnosis of BC is noted to be warranted. An algorithm for interpreting the result of the FISH analysis is given. The use of data on chromosomal abnormalities as additional predictors of the course of non-muscle invasive BC is described. The application of the FISH technique in assessing the results of adjuvant treatment in patients with non-muscle invasive BC is also depicted. In summary, the main problems in the existing algorithms for its diagnosis and prediction, by employing the FISH technique, are indicated.

Objectives. We determined the role of urodynamic results on the estimation of treatment efficiency of patients with bladder cancer.

Subjects and methods. The study consequently included 160 patients receiving TUR and open resection in 2005−2009. Quality of life was assessed using the IPSS, QoL and International Inventory of Erectile Function (IIEF). Uroflowmetry, bladder diary were carried out to determine lower urinary tract symptoms befor treatment, 3 and 12 mo later.

Results. In 3 months after operation statistically authentic changes of semiotics were noted. But in a year all indicators were in norm or approached to it.

Conclusions. Urodinamic methods of research can be recommended to application as criterion of efficiency of operative intervention and for definition of rehabilitation times in the postoperative period in a complex with other methods.

The article represents the study of quality of life in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer stages T2b and T3a after surgery, depending on the operation type. The study was conducted using questionnaires EORTC QLQ-30 and FACT-BL. The best levels of quality of life were observed in patients after organ-saving treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

An analysis of surgical treatment of 154 patients with locally advanced and recurrent malignant tumors of the pelvic organs with secondary lesions of the bladder was performed. Described surgical technique used for resection and reconstructive stages of surgery. In 73.4 % of the volume of the intervention was complete or anterior pelvic exenteration. Morbidity after operations was 30.5 %, postoperative mortality — 7.8 %. The perspective of large-scale interventions to improve outcomes of patients with tumors of the pelvic localization is marked.

In this work displays renal intratubular neoplasia (RIN) in peritumourous zone of a renal carcinoma have been studied. The object of our work, are the operative materials of 42 patients. Middle age of patients has made 57,4 ± 1,4 year. Men was 25, women — 17. Characteristic of tubular epithelium in PZ a renal carcinoma have been studied morphofunctional by means of histological, histospectrophotometrical and immunohistochemistrical methods. It is shown, that in PZ tumors of a high degree displays, of RIN much more often, than in tumors of low degree anaplasia. In tumors of a high degree anaplasia in tubular epithelium PZ registered increasing of nucleus, ploidy and expression of AgNORs, Ki-67, p53 and bcl-2. The presence of displays RIN in tubular epithelium PZ at a renal carcinoma should be considered at surgery operations.

An interim analysis of the database comprising information on 7813 kidney cancer (KC) patients who had been treated or followed up in 25 health care facilities of Russia yielded some patient characteristics, the specific features of the tumor process, and main approaches to surgical and medical treatments. Such characteristics as a male-to-female patient ratio, stage distribution in patients, detection rate of different histological types of KC and different tumor grades, proportion of organ-saving and organ-removing interventions, drug treatments for metastatic KC are considered.

The quest for organ-saving surgery sends us in search of new preoperative examination methods to successfully perform partial nephrectomy. The Research Institute of Uronephrology and Reproductive Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, has introduced a radically new procedure, which was previously unused in urologic care, namely computer simulation of a pathological process that allows not only a preoperative three-dimensional image of a kidney tumor and an exhaustive account of its relationship to the calyceal-pelvic system, renal vessels, angioarchitectonics of the kidney concerned, and extrarenal landmarks, but also virtual tumor removal, by informing an operator about the anatomical masses being located in the resected tumor bed. Of prime importance is that a polymer plastic template that will intraoperatively fulfill the function of a navigator to outline the external tumor margins onto the renal surface can be designed.

Most clinical trials were conducted on a thoroughly selected population of patients with mainly clear-cell metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC) without brain metastases and with a good somatic status. In routine clinical practice, the population of patients with mRCC is more heterogeneous: there are patients who have, in addition to the most common clear-cell mRCC, non-clear-cell mRCC, brain metastases and a somatic ECOG score of > 1. Undoubtedly, practitioners have a concern in the efficiency, tolerance, and expediency of using target drugs in all groups of patients with mRCC. This review gives a number of drugs approved for the treatment of mRCC and analyzes criteria for their choice.

The growing incidence of prostate cancer (PC) and its variable nature are an important problem today. PC is distinguished by its latent ability in many cases, which makes its screening difficult.
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is one of the most common tumor markers of PC, which are used for mass male screening. However, the detection rate of PC in men with normal PSA values is also very high. This promotes an active search for new markers and predictors of PC.
The effect of androgens on hormonal carcinogenesis in the prostate suggests that the analysis of serum testosterone concentrations and free androgen index may be made in patients with low PSA levels in the early diagnosis and prognosis of PC.

The impact of prostatoliths (PL) on the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was evaluated and their association with prostate cancer (PC) was studied in 145 patients with benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate. No statistically significant increase in PSA levels in the presence of PL was found. A chronic inflammatory process in the prostate was more common in PC concurrent with PL, which is an indirect sign
of a possible correlation between PL and PC. Final conclusions about the oncourological aspects of PL can be made only after further investigations in this area.

Background. Radical prostatectomy (RPE) is today the gold standard treatment option for locally advanced prostate cancer (PC). These operations are performed both openly and using video-assisted endosurgery. Since 2009, the Research Institute of Urology has been made 70 extraperitoneoscopic RPEs (ERPE).

Objective: to assess the complications of ERPE with the validated Clavien complication scale.

Materials and methods. The authors retrospectively analyzed the case histories of 70 patients with locally advanced PC who had undergone ERPE. The complications were allocated to 3 groups: intraoperative, early (within 1 month) and late (over 1 month) postoperative ones. All found complications were stratified using Clavien classification scale.

Results. The total number of ERPE complications accounted for 35.7%. The most common complications, such as anastomotic incompetence and blood loss that required hemotransfusion, were 9.8 and 11.3%, respectively. Rectal damage was intraoperatively found in 2 cases. Obturator nerve damage was also recognized intraoperatively and did not result in the occurrence of neurological symptoms. The severest complication (Clavien scale grade V) was pulmonary embolism causing death.

Conclusion. Postoperative complications of ERPE were observed in a small percentage of the patients and posed no serious threat to their life. The analysis of the complications of ERPE suggests that this treatment for locally advanced PC is a current safe and low-traumatic method.

In the past 10 years, there have been drastic changes in the surgical approach to treating locally advanced prostate cancer; laparoscopic and substantially robot-assisted radical prostatectomies (RP) have become a preferred alternative to an open-access procedure. However, to what extent is the swift spread of a cost-effective method, such as robot-assisted RP, justified? The given review demonstrates the results of recent large-scale trials dealing with robot-assisted PRE and comparing open-access retropubic and robot-assisted RP procedures.

Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is a rare and very aggressive tumor. Primary emphasis is laid on the morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of this type of a tumor, the clinical presentations of the disease, performed treatment, and its response. Three clinical cases of small cell carcinoma of the prostate with their further discussion are described.

Objective: to study the possibilities of transrectal ultrasound scan (TRUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying and verifying a tumor lesion of intrapelvic lymph nodes (LN) in patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

Subjects and methods. Metastatic tumor lesion of intrapelvic LNs was verified in 4 patients by transrectal ultrasound (US)-guided needle biopsies. All the patients underwent multi-parametric MRI studies and TRUS.

Results. The application of current MRI technologies (for qualitative and quantitative analysis of diffusion-weighted images and for postcontrast sequences) could detect and judge with confidence the metastatic lesion of intrapelvic LNs. TRUS permits clearly visualizing pathologically altered LNs, by taking into account their MRI pattern and verifying their tumor lesion by US-guided core needle biopsy.

Conclusion. The combined use of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS provides a means for diagnosing and verifying the tumor lesion of pelvic LNs in patients after prostatectomy.

Notwithstanding the fact that BCG vaccine therapy is considered to be the most effective method to treat and prevent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer recurrences, maintenance therapy is performed insufficiently often. Whether long-term courses of intravesicular BCG installations are needed to obtain optimal results remains unsolved so far.