Second line chemotherapy in patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer. Ftom clinical studies to practice

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most pressing problems of modern oncology due to high worldwide morbidity for this pathology. Annually, more than 1,100,000 new cases of PC are diagnosed worldwide. The main treatment method for patients with locally advanced and/or metastatic PC is hormone therapy. Androgen deprivation allows to achieve disease stabilization in more than 90 % of patients, but mean time to progression after hormone therapy in patients with metastatic PC is about 2 years. Patients with cancer progression and preserved castration level of testosterone transition to the stage of so-called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Advanced CRPC not only has poor prognosis, it also significantly decreases quality of life of the patients. CRPC patient cohort is extremely heterogenous and included patients both with factors of favorable prognosis and fulminant course of the disease. Unfavorable prognostic factors for patients with metastatic CRCP are short response time for initial hormone therapy (<12 months), presence of pain syndrome as well as presence of visceral metastases. Taxane chemotherapy remains one of the standard treatment methods in patients with metastatic CRPC and unfavorable prognostic factors.

The article presents a review of studies dedicated to the effectiveness of various doses and regimens of 2^nd line chemotherapy using cabazi-taxel in patients with metastatic CRPC as well as analysis of clinical cases of using this drug in real-life clinical practice.

1. Jemal A., Bray F., Center M.M. et al. Global cancer statistics 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2011;61(2):69—90. DOI: 10.3322/caac.20107. PMID: 21296855.

2. State of oncological care in Russia in 2017. Eds.: A.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinskiy, G.V. Petrova. Moscow: MNIOI im. PA. Gertsena - filial FGBU “NMIRTS” Minzdrava Rossii, 2018. 236 p. (In Russ.).

3. Lam J.S., Leppert J.T., Vemulapalli S.N. et al. Secondary hormonal therapy for advanced prostate cancer. J Urol 2006;175(1):27—34. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00034-0. PMID: 16406864.

4. Holzbeierlein J., Lal P, LaTulippe E. et al. Gene expression analysis of human prostate carcinoma during hormonal therapy identifies androgenresponsive genes and mechanisms of therapy resistance. Am J Pathol 2004;164(1):217—27. DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63112-4. PMID: 14695335.

5. Montgomery R.B., Mostaghel E.A., Vessel-la R. et al. Maintance of intratumoral androgens in metastatic prostate cancer: a mechanism for castration-resistant tumor growth. Cancer Res 2008;68(11):4447—54. DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0249. PMID: 18519708.

6. Titus M.A., Schell M.J., Lih F.B. et al. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone tissue levels in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11(13):4653—7. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0525. PMID: 16000557.

7. Scher H.I., Sawyers C.L. Biology of progressive, castration-resistant prostate cancer: directed therapies targeting the androgen-receptor signaling axis. J Clin Oncol 2005;23(32):8253—61. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.4777. PMID: 16278481.

8. Tannock I.F., de Wit R., Berry W.R. et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;351(15):1502—12. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa040720. PMID: 15470213.

9. Garnick M.B. Prostate cancer: screening, diagnosis, and management. Ann Intern Med 1993;118(10):804—18. PMID: 7682387.

10. EAU Guidelines 2016 edn. Pp. 132—133.

11. Matveev V.B., Babaev E.R. Predictors of survival in disseminated prostate cancer patients receiving hormonal therapy. Onkourologiya = Cancer Urology 2011;(2):78—83. (In Russ.).

12. de Bono J.S., Oudard S., Ozguroglu M. et al. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxan-trone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010;376(9747):1147—54. DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61389-X. PMID: 20888992.

13. Aapro M.S., Bohlius J., Cameron D.A. et al. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoprolif-erative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 2011;47(1):8—32. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2010.10.013. PMID: 21095116.

14. Smith T.J., Khatcheressian J., Lyman G.H. et al. 2006 update of recommendations for the use of white blood cell growth factors: an evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Clin Oncol 2006;24(19):3187—205. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.4451.PMID: 16682719.

15. de Bono J., Hardy-Bessard A.C., Kim C.S. Phase III non-inferiority study of cabazitaxel 20 mg/m2 versus cabazitaxel 25 mg/m2 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer previously treated with docetaxel (PROSELICA). ASCO Annual Meeting, 2016.

16. www.cinicalTrials.gov.NCT01308567.