ВАРИАНТЫ СТРОЕНИЯ НИЖНЕЙ ПОЛОЙ ВЕНЫ И ЕЕ ПРИТОКОВ: КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ, ЭМБРИОГЕНЕЗ, КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ДИАГНОСТИКА И КЛИНИЧЕСКОЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ПРИ ПАРААОРТАЛЬНОЙ ЛИМФОДИССЕКЦИИ

Нарушение эмбрионального развития 3 парных кардинальных вен и их анастомозов ведет к формированию большого разнообразия вариантов строения нижней полой вены (НПВ) и ее притоков. В большинстве случаев нарушения строения НПВ и ее притоков протекают бессимптомно. Для определения вариантов строения сосудов забрюшинного пространства в клинической практике широко используется компьютерная томография (КТ) с внутривенным усилением. Знание особенностей строения сосудов забрюшинного пространства помогает хирургам избежать развития осложнений во время парааортальной лимфодиссекции у больных со злокачественными опухолями яичка, почек и злокачественными опухолями женского полового тракта. В статье рассматриваются вопросы классификации, эмбриогенеза, анатомии, КТ и клинического значения в хирургической практике наиболее часто встречающихся вариантов строения НПВ и ее притоков.

1. Abernethy J. Account of two instances of uncommon formation in the viscera of the human body. Philos Trans R Soc 1793;83:59–66.

2. Rischbieth H. Anomaly of the inferior vena cava: duplication of the post-renal segment. J Anat Physiol 1914:48(Pt 3):287–92.

3. Sieb G.A. The azygos system of veins in American whites and American negroes, including observations on the inferior caval venous system. Am J Phys Anthropol 1934;19:39–163.

4. Adachi B. Statistik der varietaten der vena cava caudalis bei der Japanern. Anat Anz 1937;85:211–23.

5. Pick J.W., Anson B.J. The renal vascular pedicle. An anatomical study of 430 bodyhalves. J Urol 1940;44:411–34.

6. Аничков М.Н., Лев И.Д. Клинико-анатомический атлас патологии аорты. М.: Медицина, 1967. 212 с.

7. Schultz C.L., Morrison S., Bryan P.J. Azygous continuation of the inferior vena cava: demonstration by NMR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1984;8:774–76.

8. Jimenez R., Morant F. The importance of venous and renal anomalies for surgical repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms. In: Grundmann R. Diagnosis, screening and treatment of abdominal, thoracoabdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysms. InTech 2011; 269–92.

9. Karaman B., Koplay M., Ozturk E. et al. Retroaortic left renal vein: multidetector computed tomography angiography findings and its clinical importance. Acta Radiol 2007;48:355–60.

10. Shindo S., Kubota K., Kojima A. et al. Anomalies of inferior vena cava and left renal vein: risks in aortic surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 2000;14:393–6.

11. Karkos C.D., Bruce I.A., Thomson G.J.L., Lambert M.E. Retroaortic left renal vein and its implications in abdominal aortic surgery. Ann Vasc Surg 2001;15(6):703–8.

12. Kraus G.J., Goerzer H.G. MRangiographic diagnosis of an aberrant retroaortic left renal vein and review of the literature. Clin Imaging 2003;27(2):132–4.

13. Nam J.K., Park S.W., Lee S.D., Chung M.K. The clinical significance of a retroaortic left renal vein. Korean J Urol 2010;51:276–80.

14. Arey L.B. Development anatomy. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1965; 360–70.

15. McClure C.F.W., Butler E.G. The development of the vena cava inferior in man. Am J Anat 1925;35:331–83.

16. Huntington G.S., McClure C.F.W. The development of the veins in the domestic cat (Felis domestica) with especial reference, (1) to the share taken by the supracardinal veins in the development of the postcava and azygos veins and (2) to the interpretation of the variant conditions of the postcava and its tributaries as found in the adult. Anat Rec 1920:20:1–30.

17. Butler E.G. The relative role played by the embryonic veins in the development of the mammalian vena cava posterior. Am J Anat 1927;39:267–353.

18. Butler E.G., McElroy W.D., Puckett W.O. On the relative frequency of variant types of the vena cava posterior in the cat. Anat Rec 1946;94:93–103.

19. Reagan F.P. The supposed homology of vena azygos and vena cava inferior considered in the light of new facts concerning their development. Anat Rec 1927;35:129–48.

20. Rieck A.F., Reis R.H. Variations in the pattern of renal vessels and their relation to the type of posterior vena cava in the cat (Felis domestica). Am J Anat 1953;93:457–74.

21. Reis R.H., Tepe P. Variation in the pattern of renal vessels and their relation to the type of posterior vena cava in the dog (Canis familiaris). Am J Anat 1956:99:1–15.

22. Reis R.H., Esenther G. Variations in the pattern of renal vessels and their relation to the type of posterior vena cava in man. Am J Anat 1959:104:295–318.

23. Philipps E. Embryology, normal anatomy and anomalies. In: F.J. Ferris, F.A. Hipona, P.C. Kahn et al. Venography of the inferior vena cava and its branches. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1969; 1–32.

24. Milloy F.J., Anson B.J., Cauldwell E.W. Variations in the inferior caval veins and in their renal and lumbar communications. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1962;115:131–42.

25. Gladstone A.J. Development of the inferior vena cava in the light of recent research with especial reference to certain abnormalities, and current descriptions of the ascending lumbar and azygos veins. J Anat 1929:64:70–93.

26. Edwards E.A. Clinical anatomy of lesser variations of the inferior vena cava; and a proposal for classifying the anomalies of this vessel. Angiology 1951:2:85–99.

27. Bass J.E., Redwine M.D., Kramer L.A. et al. Spectrum of congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: cross-sectional imaging findings. Radiographics 2000;20(3):639–52.

28. Minniti S., Procacci C. Congenital anomalies of the vena cava: embryological origin, imaging features and report of three new variants. Eur Radiol 2002;12(8):2040–55.

29. Aljabri B., McDonald P.S., Satin R. et al. Incidence of major venous and renal anomalies relevant to aortoiliac surgery as demonstrated by computed tomography. Ann Vasc Surg 2001;15(6):615–18.

30. Siegfried M.S., Rochester D., Bernstein J.R., Milner J.W. Diagnosis of inferior vena cava anomalies by computerized tomography. Comput Radiol 1983;7:119–23.

31. Palit S., Deb S. A rare presentation of double inferior vena cava with anomalous pattern of azygos and hemiazygos venous system: a case report. J Anatom Society of India 2002;51(1):65–7.

32. Ng W.T., Ng S.S.M. Double inferior vena cava: a report of three cases. Singapore Med J 2009;50(6):211–3.

33. Natsis K., Apostolidis S., Noussios G. et al. Duplication of the inferior vena cava: anatomy, embryology and classification proposal. Anatom Science Int 2010;85(1):56–60.

34. Nagashima T., Lee J., Andoh K. et al. Right double inferior vena cava: report of 5 cases and literature review. J Comp Assist Tomogr 2006;30(4):642–5.

35. Senecail B., Josseaume T., Boeuf J. et al. Right-sided duplication of the inferior vena cava. Morphologie 2004;88:183–7.

36. Tagliafico A., Capaccio E., Rosenberg I. et al. Double right inferior vena cava associated with an anomalous venous ring encircling the right common iliac artery: report of a case with CT and US. Eur J Radiol Extra 2007;65(3):111–5.

37. Ruggeri M., Tosetto A., Castaman G., Rodeghiero F. Congenital absence of the inferior vena cava: a rare risk factor for idiopathic deep vein thrombosis. Lancet 2001;57(9254):441.

38. Milner L.B., Marchan R. Complete absence of the inferior vena cava presenting as a paraspinous mass. Thorax 1980;35:798–800.

39. Dougherty M.J., Calligaro K.D., DeLaurentis D.A. Congenitally absent inferior vena cava presenting in adulthood with venous stasis and ulceration: a surgically treated case. J Vasc Surg 1996;23:141–6.

40. Debing E., Tielemans Y., Jolie E., Van den Brande P. Congenital absence of inferior vena cava. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993;7:201–3.

41. d’Archambeau O., Verguts L., Myle J. Congenital absence of the inferior vena cava. J Belge Radiol 1990;73:516–7.

42. Bass J.E., Redwine M.D., Kramer L.A., Harris J.H.Jr. Absence of the infrarenal inferior vena cava with preservation of the suprarenal segment as revealed by CT and MR venography. Am J Roentgenol 1999;172:1610–2.

43. Simon R.W., Amann-Vesti B.R., Pfammatter T., Koppensteiner R. Congenital absence ot the inferior vena cava: a rare risk factor for idiopathic deep-vein thrombosis. J Vasc Surg 2006;44(2):416.

44. Koc Z., Ulusan S., Oguzkurt L., Tokmak N. Venous variants and anomalies on routine abdominal multi-detector row CT. Eur J Radiol 2007;61:267–78.

45. Trigaux J.P., Vandroogenbroek S., De Wispelaere J.F. et al. Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava and left renal vein: evaluation with spiral CT. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:339–45.

46. Reed M.D., Friedman A.C., Nealey P. Anomalies of the left renal vein: analysis of 433 CT scans. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1982;6:1124–6.

47. Dilli A., Ayaz U.Y., Kaplanoglu H. et al. Evaluation on the left renal vein variations and inferior vena cava variations by means of helical computed tomography. Clin Imaging 2013;37(3):530–5.

48. Benedetti-Panici P., Maneschi F., Scambia G. et al. Anatomic abnormalities of the retroperitoneum encountered during aortic and pelvic lymphadenectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170:111–6.

49. Klemm P., Fröber R., Köhler C., Schneider A. Vascular anomalies in the paraaortic region diagnosed by laparoscopy in patients with gynaecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2005;96:278–82.

50. Kose M.F., Turan T., Karasu Y. et al. Anomalies of major retroperitoneal vascular structure. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2011;21(7):1312–9.

51. Gyimadu A., Salman M.C., Karcaaltincaba M., Yuce K. Retroperitoneal vascular aberrations increase the risk of v ascular injury during lymphadenectomy in gynecologic cancers. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012;286(2):449–55.

52. Holt P.J., Adshead J.M., Filiadis I., Christmas T.J. Retroperitoneal anomalies in men with testicular germ cell tumours. BJU Int 2007;99:344–6.

53. Monreal M., Lafoz E., Casals A. et al. Occult cancer in patients with deep venous thrombosis. Cancer 1991;67:541–5.