Вероятная роль ретроэлементов в развитии опухоли Вильмса при хромосомных синдромах

В обзорной статье приведены результаты анализа накопленных в литературе данных об ассоциации опухоли Вильмса с хромосомными синдромами и поиск возможных причин данного феномена. В 10 % всех случаев нефробластома представлена наследственным опухолевым синдромом вследствие герминальных мутаций в генах-супрессорах, главным образом в гене WT1, реже в WT2, WTX, CTNNB1, TP53. Данные гены характеризуются связью с ретроэлементами, которые играют важную роль в развитии опухоли Вильмса, способствуя канцерогенезу, вызывая геномную нестабильность. Ретроэлемент LINE-1 – негативный регулятор экспрессии WT1, в то время как гены-супрессоры подавляют активность ретроэлементов. Частью патогенеза синдромов Перлмана, Беквита–Видемана, WAGR, трисомии 18, обусловленных герминальными микроделециями, является активация ретроэлементов, способствующих соматическим хромосомным перестройкам, включая делеции, инсерции и транслокации, которые характерны для спорадической опухоли Вильмса. Кроме этого, ретроэлементы являются источниками длинных некодирующих РНК и микроРНК при процессинге их транскриптов или в эволюции генов. При этом длинные некодирующие РНК влияют на развитие опухоли Вильмса различными механизмами: за счет влияния на ферроптоз (lncRNA AC007406.1, AC005208.1, LINC01770, DLGAP1-AS2, AP002761.4, STPG3-AS1, AC129507.1, AC234772.2, LINC02447, AC009570.1, ZBTB20-AS1 и LINC01179), на сигнальные пути Wnt/β-катенина (HOTAIR, MEG3), апоптоз (HAGLROS), на регуляцию экспрессии специфических микроРНК (SNHG6, MEG8, XIST, SNHG16, DLEU1, CRNDE, SNHG6, DLGAP1, OSTM1-AS1, EMX2OS, H19).

Анализ базы данных MDTE DB позволил обнаружить ассоциированные с нефробластомой микроРНК, которые происходят от ретротранспозонов. К ним относятся miR-192, -335, -378c, -562, -630, -1248. Эти молекулы перспективны в отношении возможного использования для патогенетического лечения опухоли Вильмса вследствие воздействия на патологически активированные ретротранспозоны. 

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