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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">894</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-4-124-138</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of molecular genetic alterations in sensitivity of the adjuvant intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль молекулярно-генетических изменений в прогнозе эффективности адъювантной внутрипузырной терапии немышечно-инвазивного рака мочевого пузыря</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9780-8708</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhaylenko</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайленко</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 51 3<sup>rd </sup>Parkovaya St., Moscow 105425; Build. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991; 1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайленко Дмитрий Сергеевич - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории патологической анатомии с группой молекулярной генетики.</p><p>105425 Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 1; 119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2; 115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1.</p><p>SPIN-код: 2083-9060</p></bio><email>dimserg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergienko</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергиенко</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 51 3<sup>rd</sup> Parkovaya St., Moscow 105425.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергиенко Сергей Александрович - аспирант отдела онкоурологии.</p><p>105425 Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 1.</p><p>SPIN-код: 4395-6905</p></bio><email>sergienko.s91@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5988-8268</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaborsky</surname><given-names>I. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заборский</surname><given-names>И. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10 Marshala Zhukova St., Obninsk 249031.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заборский Иван Николаевич - научный сотрудник отделения лучевого и хирургического лечения урологических заболеваний с группой брахитерапии рака предстательной железы.</p><p>249031 Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10.</p><p>SPIN-код: 2445-5967</p></bio><email>i.zaborskii@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saflullin</surname><given-names>K. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафиуллин</surname><given-names>К. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>10 Marshala Zhukova St., Obninsk 249031.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сафиуллин Кадир Назипович - доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отделения лучевого и хирургического лечения урологических заболеваний с группой брахитерапии рака предстательной железы.</p><p>249031 Обнинск, ул. Маршала Жукова, 10.</p><p>SPIN-код: 1981-8709</p></bio><email>safiulin@mrrc.obninsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Serebryany</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Серебряный</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 51 3<sup>rd</sup> Parkovaya St., Moscow 105425.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Серебряный Станислав Аркадьевич - кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела эндоурологии.</p><p>105425 Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 1.</p><p>SPIN-код: 4210-3109</p></bio><email>call@niiuro.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Safronova</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сафронова</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 51 3<sup>rd</sup> Parkovaya St., Moscow 105425.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сафронова Нина Юрьевна - младший научный сотрудник лаборатории патологической анатомии и молекулярной генетики.</p><p>105425 Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 1.</p></bio><email>nisa55@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2835-5992</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemtsova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немцова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 2, 8 Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119991; 1 Moskvorechye St., Moscow 115522.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Немцова Марина Вячеславовна - доктор биологических наук, профессор, заведующая лабораторией медицинской генетики Института молекулярной медицины.</p><p>119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2; 115522 Москва, ул. Москворечье, 1.</p><p>SPIN-код: 6906-2960</p></bio><email>nemtsova_m_v@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8784-8415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaprin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каприн</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 51 3<sup>rd</sup> Parkovaya St., Moscow 105425.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Каприн Андрей Дмитриевич - академик РАН, профессор, генеральный директор.</p><p>105425 Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 1.</p><p>SPIN-код: 1759-8101</p></bio><email>contact@nmicr.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3398-4128</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>B. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Б. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 51 3<sup>rd</sup> Parkovaya St., Moscow 105425.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алексеев Борис Яковлевич - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заместитель генерального директора по науке ФГБУ.</p><p>105425 Москва, ул. 3-я Парковая, 51, стр. 1.</p><p>SPIN-код: 4692-5705</p></bio><email>byalekseev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.A. Lopatkin Research Institute of Urology and Interventional Radiology — branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ урологии и интервенционной радиологии им. Н.А. Лопаткина — филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии» МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова МЗ РФ (Сеченовский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медико-генетический научный центр</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center — branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медицинский радиологический научный центр им. А.Ф. Цыба — филиал ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>138</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-12"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-12-13"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/894">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/894</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bladder cancer (BC) is represented by non-muscle-invasive forms at the stage Ta, T1, CIS (NMBC) in 75 % of cases. The gold standard of treatment of NMBC patients is transurethral resection, but its implementation does not always allow the patient to be relieved of the recurrence of the disease. In this regard, patients with a low risk of progression after transurethral resection are administered by intravesical chemotherapy, with high risk (T1G2/3) – using instillation with BCG (Bacillus Calmette–Guerin) vaccine. Searching of NMBC markers for laboratory diagnostics, which would help to determine sensitivity or resistance to the planned type of adjuvant therapy remains an actual problem. The data published mainly in the last 5–7 years about genetic predictors of the response to adjuvant chemotherapy and, to a greater extent, immunotherapy with BCG vaccine, are reviewed in this work. Allele combinations in the genes involved in immune response, xenobiotic biotransformation and other loci that are associated with the response to the adjuvant NMBC therapy in meta-analyzes are systematized. Also, expression profiles of mRNA, microRNA and proteins, as well as panels of methylated loci associated with the effectiveness of chemotherapy and immunotherapy of NMBC are considered. It was demonstrated that the somatic mutations sequencing in the primary tumor and the total mutational load using high-throughput sequencing technologies (NGS) identified a number of potential prognostic markers. Perhaps, the mutational load will be more widely used as a highly informative predictor of immunotherapeutic effect in BC: BCG therapy of NMBC and BC targeted therapy using the inhibitors of immune control points, after the standardization of the analysis. This review is intended to oncologists, geneticists, molecular biologists, urologists, pathologists and other specialists working in the field of molecular genetics in oncological urology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рак мочевого пузыря (РМП) в 75 % случаев представлен немышечно-инвазивными формами на стадии Та, Т1, CIS. При немышечно-инвазивном РМП (НМРМП) «золотым стандартом» лечения является трансуретральная резекция мочевого пузыря, однако ее проведение далеко не всегда позволяет избавить пациента от рецидива заболевания. В связи с этим пациентам с низким риском прогрессирования после трансуретральной резекции назначают внутрипузырную химиотерапию, с высоким риском (T1G2/3) — инстилляции вакциной БЦЖ (бацилла Кальметта-Герена). Остается актуальным вопрос о поиске маркеров для лабораторной диагностики, которые помогли бы заблаговременно определить чувствительность или резистентность к планируемому виду адъювантной терапии НМРМП. В настоящей работе рассмотрены опубликованные преимущественно в последние 5-7лет данные о генетических предикторах ответа на адъювантную химиотерапию и, в большей мере, иммунотерапию вакциной БЦЖ. Систематизированы подтвержденные в метаанализах сочетания аллелей в генах иммунного ответа, детоксикации ксенобиотиков и других локусах, которые ассоциированы с ответом на адъювантную терапию НМРМП. Отдельно рассмотрены экспрессионные профили на уровнях матричных РНК, микро-РНК и белков, панели метилированных локусов, ассоциированные с эффективностью химио- и иммунотерапии НМРМП. Показано, что определение соматических мутаций в первичной опухоли и общей мутационной нагрузки с помощью технологий высокопроизводительного секвенирования (NGS) также позволило выявить ряд потенциальных прогностических маркеров. Возможно, после стандартизации анализа мутационной нагрузки он будет шире использоваться как высокоинформативный предиктор иммунотерапии РМП: БЦЖ-терапии НМРМП и схем лечения РМП с назначением таргетных ингибиторов иммунных контрольных точек. Обзор ориентирован на онкологов, генетиков, молекулярных биологов, урологов, патоморфологов и других специалистов, работающих в области молекулярной генетики онкоурологических заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>microsatellite instability</kwd><kwd>genetic polymorphism</kwd><kwd>mutational load</kwd><kwd>BCG therapy</kwd><kwd>somatic mutation</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>микросателлитная нестабильность</kwd><kwd>генетический полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>мутационная нагрузка</kwd><kwd>БЦЖ-терапия</kwd><kwd>соматическая мутация</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malignant tumors in Russia in 2016 (morbidity and mortality). Eds.: A.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinskiy, G.V. 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