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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">845</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-3-107-119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RENAL CANCER</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>МОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ ЭПИДЕМИОЛОГИЯ РАКА ПОЧКИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2824-3704</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaridze</surname><given-names>D. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заридзе</surname><given-names>Д. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Заридзе Давид Георгиевич - заведующий отделом эпидемиологии и профилактики ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина»  Минздрава России, член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор.</p><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><email>dgzaridze@crc.umos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6847-9295</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mukeriya</surname><given-names>A. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мукерия</surname><given-names>А. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Доктор медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник отдела эпидемиологии и профилактики ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина»  Минздрава России.</p><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><email>dgzaridze@crc.umos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2431-068X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shan’gina</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаньгина</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кандидат медицинских наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела эпидемиологии и профилактики ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина»  Минздрава России.</p><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><email>dgzaridze@crc.umos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-9527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveev</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеев</surname><given-names>В. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Матвеев Всеволод Борисович - член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заместитель директора ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина» Минздрава России по науке, заведующий отделением онкоурологии, ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н.Н.Блохина» Минздрава России.</p><p>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24.</p></bio><email>vsevolodmatveev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>119</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-06-29"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-08-10"><day>10</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/845">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/845</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Kidney cancer consists of renal cell cancer (RCC) accounting for over 90 % of all kidney carcinomas and the transitional cell cancer. Clear cell cancer is a predominant type (80–85 %) of RCC. Smoking, overweight, obesity, hypertension, occupational exposures to pesticides, specifically to trichloroethylene are considered causal risk factors for sporadic i.e. non-hereditary RCC. The majority of sporadic RCC have polygenic etiology. They develop as a result of combined effect of large number of low penetrance genetic susceptibility genes (genetic polymorphism). The interplay of exposures to environmental risk factors and genetic susceptibility of exposed individuals is believed to influence the risk of developing sporadic RCC. Inheritance of high penetrance genes is associated with very high risk of the RCC. To these genes belongs, for example, VHL (von Hippel–Lindau). Germline mutations in VHL are causing VHL syndrome and hereditary type of RCC. Risk of RCC in individuals with germ-line mutations is very high however the proportion RCC associated with these events is very low (&gt;5–7 %). Environmental factors virtually do not influence the risk of these cancers.</p><p>The studies in molecular epidemiology based on candidate gene approach have shown that certain types (variants) of polymorphisms of GST, MTHFR, TYMS, VHL genes are associated with RCC. The genome wide association studies identified over twenty locus with single nucleotide polymorphism affecting the risk of RCC. The risk loci so far identified for RCC account for only about 10 % of the familial risk of RCC. Thus more studies with larger sample size are needed. As more RCC susceptibility alleles are discovered, deciphering the biological basis of risk variants should provide new insights into the biology of RCC that may lead to new approaches to prevention, early detection and therapeutic intervention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Рак почки представлен 2 основными гистогенетическими формами: почечно-клеточным раком (ПКР) и переходно-клеточным раком. ПКР составляет более 90 % случаев рака почки. Светлоклеточный ПКР является доминирующим гистологическим типом (80–85  %). Доказанными факторами риска спорадического, т. е. ненаследственного, ПКР являются курение, избыточная масса тела и ожирение, гипертония, некоторые профессиональные факторы, включая экспозицию к пестицидам, в частности к трихлорэтилену на рабочем месте. Наследование генов с высокопенетрантными мутациями приводит к очень высокому риску развития ПКР. К таким генам относится, например, ген VHL (von Hippel–Lindau), герминогенные мутации которого связаны с наследственной формой рака почки. Риск развития ПКР у людей с врожденными мутациями VHL очень велик (60–90  %). Однако низка (5–7  %) и доля ПКР, ассоциированного с подобными генетическими событиями. Экзогенные факторы на риск развития этих опухолей практически не влияют. Большинство ненаследственных ПКР развивается в результате комбинированного эффекта большого числа генов с низкой пенетрацией (имеют полигенную этиологию). В этиологии этих опухолей важную роль играют экзогенные факторы, т. е. имеет место взаимодействие эндогенных (наследственных) и экзогенных факторов (факторов образа жизни и окружающей среды).</p><p>В результате молекулярных эпидемиологических исследований, основанных на предварительной гипотезе, выявлены варианты генетического полиморфизма генов GST, MTHFR, TYMS, VHL, ассоциированных с ПКР. Кроме того, полногеномные исследования герминогенного генома позволили идентифицировать более десятка локусов (участков) с однонуклеотидным полиморфизмом, влияющих на риск развития ПКР. В сумме все известные идентифицированные варианты высокого риска объясняют лишь 10 % всех семейных случаев ПКР. Это указывает на необходимость продолжить исследования с большим количеством наблюдений. Получение исчерпывающей информации о роли генетического полиморфизма в этиологии ПКР будет способствовать разработке методов индивидуальной профилактики и созданию препаратов для лекарственной профилактики ПКР.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>renal cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>heredity</kwd><kwd>single nucleotide polymorphism</kwd><kwd>hereditary renal cancer</kwd><kwd>low-penetrant genetic polymorphism</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>почечно-клеточный рак</kwd><kwd>наследственность</kwd><kwd>однонуклеотидный полиморфизм</kwd><kwd>наследственный рак почки</kwd><kwd>низкопенетрантный генетический полиморфизм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Li P., Znaor A., Holcatova I. et al. Regional geographic variations in kidney cancer incidence rates in European countries. Eur Urol 2015;67(6):1134–41. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.11.001. 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