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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">805</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2018-14-2-54-67</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. RENAL CANCER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак почки</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern approaches to kidney cancer immunotherapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Cовременные подходы к иммунотерапии рака почки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Николай Евгеньевич Кушлинский </bold></p><p><italic>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</italic></p></bio><email>biochimia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3065-8888</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fridman</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фридман</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>3 Gubkina St., Moscow 119991</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>119991 ГСП-1 Москва, ул. Губкина, 3;</italic></p></bio><email>biochimia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4292-0801</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Build. 1, 61/2 Shchepkina St., Moscow 129110</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>129110 Москва, ул. Щепкина 61/2, корп. 1</italic></p></bio><email>biochimia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3321-801X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gershtein</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Герштейн</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</italic></p></bio><email>esgershtein@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0058-0987</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadagidze</surname><given-names>Z. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадагидзе</surname><given-names>З. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</italic></p></bio><email>kad-zaira@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-9527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveev</surname><given-names>V. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеев</surname><given-names>В. Б</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>24 Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115478</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24</italic></p></bio><email>vsevolodmatveev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова РАН»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.F. Vladimirsky Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>54</fpage><lpage>67</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-04-10"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-05-29"><day>29</day><month>05</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/805">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/805</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Kidney cancer is a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors that develop from cells of the proximal convoluted tubules of the kidney. In Russia renal cell carcinoma holds the 2nd place after prostate cancer among tumors of genitourinary system. The main method of renal cell carcinoma treatment is radical nephrectomy, at the same time, high resistance of kidney cancer to chemotherapy and a weak response to hormone treatment are noted, and the effectiveness of cytokine therapy (interleukin 2, interferon alfa) does not exceed 18–20 %. The introduction into clinical practice of modern immune system affecting drugs has changed the disease prognosis for many patients with various malignant neoplasms. Currently, active development of immunotherapeutic drugs directed against inhibitory receptors of T-cells, the so-called “immunity control points” takes place, the most studied among these drugs are anti-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4) and anti-PD-1 (р</italic><italic>rogrammed cell death pathway 1)/PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) monoclonal antibodies. In this review a detailed description of the PD-1 receptor and its PD-L1 ligand, as well as the prognostic and predictive significance of their expression in various types of renal cell carcinoma and the role in suppressing the antitumor T-cell immune response are presented. Blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 enhances antitumor immunity reducing the amount and/or immunosuppressive activity of regulatory T-cells (suppressors) and restoring the activity of effector T-cells that leads to an enhancement of the antitumor immune response. The blockade of PD-1 also stimulates proliferation of memory B-cells. In this regard, drugs that suppress the function of PD-1 are now widely used in the treatment of cancer including kidney cancer. The authors provide a list of promising drugs acting on PD-1/PD-L1 system used in renal cell carcinoma: nivolumab, pembrolizumab and some others. The results of clinical studies se of immunotherapeutic drugs in kidney cancer are analyzed.</italic></p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><italic>Рак почки – гетерогенная группа злокачественных опухолей, которые развиваются из клеток проксимальных извитых канальцев почки. В России среди опухолей мочеполовой системы почечно-клеточный рак занимает 2-е место после злокачественных новообразований предстательной железы. Основным методом лечения почечно-клеточного рака считается радикальная нефрэктомия, в то же время отмечены высокая резистентность рака почки к химиотерапии и слабый ответ на лечение гормональными препаратами, а эффективность терапии цитокинами (интерлейкином 2, интерфероном альфа) не превышает 18–20 %. Внедрение в клиническую практику современных препаратов, воздействующих на иммунную систему, изменило прогноз заболевания для многих больных с различными злокачественными новообразованиями. В настоящее время активно разрабатываются иммунотерапевтические препараты, направленные против ингибиторных рецепторов Т-клеток, так называемых «контрольных точек иммунитета». Наиболее изученными из них являются анти-CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4) и анти-PD-1 (рrogrammed cell death pathway 1)/PD-L1 (programmed death ligand 1) моноклональные антитела. В обзоре дана подробная характеристика рецептора PD-1 и его лиганда PD-L1, прогностического и предиктивного значения их экспресcии в разных типах почечно-клеточного рака и роли в подавлении противоопухолевого Т-клеточного иммунного ответа. Блокада PD-1/PD-L1 усиливает противоопухолевый иммунитет, сокращая количество и/или иммуносупрессивную активность регуляторных T-клеток (супрессоров) и восстанавливая активность эффекторных Т-клеток, что приводит к усилению противоопухолевого иммунного ответа. Блокада PD-1 стимулирует также пролиферацию В-клеток памяти. В связи с этим препараты, подавляющие функцию PD-1, в настоящее время находят широкое применение в терапии онкологических заболеваний, в том числе рака почки. Приведен список перспективных препаратов, действующих на систему PD-1/PD-L1, используемых при лечении почечно-клеточного рака: ниволумаб, пембролизумаб и некоторых других. Проанализированы результаты клинических исследований с применением иммунотерапевтических препаратов при раке почки.</italic></p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L1</kwd><kwd>renal cell carcinoma</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>PD-1</kwd><kwd>PD-L1</kwd><kwd>почечно-клеточный рак</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev V.B., Volkova M.I. Sequential targeted therapy for disseminated kidney cancer. 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