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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">776</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2017-13-4-111-121</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Prognostic and predictive biomarkers of prostate cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прогностические и предиктивные биомаркеры рака предстательной железы (обзор литературы)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rakul</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ракул</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9B Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg 197706</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сергей Анатольевич Ракул.</p><p>197706 Санкт-Петербург, Сестрорецк, ул. Борисова, 9Б</p></bio><email>79119257502@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamilova</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камилова</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Medical Faculty SPSU.</p><p>9B Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg 197706; 7–9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, Saint Petersburg 199034</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра последипломного медицинского образования Медицинского факультета СПГУ.</p><p>197706 Санкт-Петербург, Сестрорецк, ул. Борисова, 9Б; 199034 Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная, 7–9</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golota</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голота</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>9B Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg 197706</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197706 Санкт-Петербург, Сестрорецк, ул. Борисова, 9Б</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbak</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербак</surname><given-names>С. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p/><p>Department of Postgraduate Medical Education, Medical Faculty SPSU.</p>9B Borisova St., Sestroretsk, Saint Petersburg 197706; 7–9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, Saint Petersburg 199034</bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кафедра последипломного медицинского образования Медицинского факультета СПГУ.</p><p>197706 Санкт-Петербург, Сестрорецк, ул. Борисова, 9Б; 199034 Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная, 7–9</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Hospital No. 40 of the Resort Area</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Городская больница № 40 Курортного административного района»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>121</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/776">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/776</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the era of personalized treatment, oncologists are striving to tailor medical treatment to the characteristics of the individual patient, emphasizing the importance of a continuous search for accurate biomarkers. Prognostic biomarkers reflect the intricate underlying biology that enables cancer to progress. Intratumoural heterogeneity includes genetic, epigenetic and functional heterogeneity. Genetic intratumour heterogeneity is a consequence of clonal evolution and a cause of desease progression. Herewith specific mutations are associated with particular stages of tumour development, correlates with specific histopathological disease stages. Many patients with prostate cancer have disease recurrence after resection of the tumor despite adjuvant therapy, while some patients dont have a relapse despite the absence of treatment. So the reassessment of the current criteria and better prognostic and predictive biomarkers for the selection of patients who might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy are urgently needed. A prognostic biomarker reflects the natural history of the tumor and provides information on the likely outcome and prognosis, independent of a specific treatment. Predictive biomarkers indicate the sensitivity or resistance of the tumor to a given treatment. Some markers can be both prognostic and predictive. Gene mutations and epigenetic changes that modify the intracellular signaling pathways may be important factors in oncogenesis. In this context, oncogenes, genes-tumor suppressors and miRNAs have attracted attention as potential biomarkers and regulators of oncogenesis and evaluate in clinical trials.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В эпоху персонализированного лечения онкологи стремятся адаптировать его к особенностям конкретного пациента, подчеркивая важность непрерывного поиска точных биомаркеров. Прогностические биомаркеры отражают сложную биологию, позволяющую злокачественной опухоли прогрессировать. Внутриопухолевая гетерогенность включает в себя генетическую, эпигенетическую и функциональную гетерогенность. Генетическая внутриопухолевая гетерогенность является следствием клональной эволюции и причиной прогрессирования заболевания. При этом специфические мутации ассоциированы с определенными стадиями развития опухоли, которые коррелируют с конкретными гистопатологическими стадиями заболевания. Многие пациенты с раком предстательной железы имеют рецидив заболевания после куративного лечения, несмотря на адъювантную терапию, в то время как у некоторых больных рецидив не развивается даже при отсутствии лечения. Поэтому срочно необходимы переоценка существующих критериев и новые прогностические и предиктивные биомаркеры для отбора пациентов, которые могли бы получить пользу от адъювантной химиотерапии. Прогностический биомаркер отражает естественную историю развития опухоли и предоставляет информацию о вероятном исходе и прогнозе независимо от специфического лечения. Предиктивные биомаркеры указывают на чувствительность или резистентность опухоли к определенному лечению. Некоторые биомаркеры могут быть одновременно прогностическими и предиктивными. Генные мутации и эпигенетические изменения, влияющие на внутриклеточные сигнальные пути, могут быть важными факторами онкогенеза. В этом контексте онкогены, гены-супрессоры опухолей и микроРНК привлекают внимание в качестве потенциальных регуляторов и биомаркеров онкогенеза и оцениваются в клинических исследованиях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>biomarker</kwd><kwd>tumoural heterogeneity</kwd><kwd>oncogene</kwd><kwd>gene-tumor suppressor</kwd><kwd>mutation</kwd><kwd>hypermethylation</kwd><kwd>microRNA</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>биомаркер</kwd><kwd>опухолевая гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>генетическая гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>эпигенетическая гетерогенность</kwd><kwd>онкоген</kwd><kwd>ген-супрессор опухолей</kwd><kwd>мутация</kwd><kwd>гиперметилирование</kwd><kwd>микроРНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. Siegel R.L., Miller K.D., Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. 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