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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">596</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2017-13-2-87-95</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. URINARY BLADDER CANCER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак мочевого пузыря</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Grading of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новое в стадировании уротелиальной карциномы мочевого пузыря</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovylina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковылина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ковылина Марта Владимировна, кафедра урологии, старший лаборант, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>dr.kovylina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prilepskaya</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прилепская</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Прилепская Елена Анатольевна, кафедра урологии, старший лаборант</p></bio><email>prilepskayae@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tupikina</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тупикина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Build. 1, 20 Delegatskaya St., Moscow 127473</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталия Владимировна Тупикина, кафедра урологии</p><p><italic>127473 Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1</italic></p></bio><email>tatatu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsybulya</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыбуля</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Цыбуля Оксана Анатольевна, кафедра урологии  старший лаборант, кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>oksadoc@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Reva</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рева</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Рева Игорь Анатольевич, кафедра урологии, аспирант</p></bio><email>rewa-igor@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>87</fpage><lpage>95</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-08-26"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-10-06"><day>06</day><month>10</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/596">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/596</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold> Introduction</bold>. Histological grading system is an important prognostic factor of bladder cancer. Grading of urothelial carcinoma has been a matter of debate since the three-grade system was introduced in 1973.</p><p><bold>Objective</bold>. Optimization of the grading system for urothelial carcinoma.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. An analysis of literature devoted to evaluation of diagnostic significance, variability and interobserver reproducibility of the existing classifications of urothelial cancer of the bladder proposed in 1973, 1998, 1999 and 2004.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. The classification proposed in 1973 is the most popular and time honored method of grading bladder tumors. In 1998 it was modified by the International Society of Urological Pathology. In 1999 the World Health Organization (WHO) approved a new classification which preserved the three-grade system but differed from the previous ones. According to this new classification, tumors could fall into the following categories: papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential, urothelial carcinoma of I, II, and III malignancy grade. The definition of papilloma was identical in all of these classifications. In 2004 a new WHO classification was introduced in which non-invasive urothelial tumors were subdivided into papilloma, papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential and low and high grade carcinoma. All of the proposed grading systems had a certain level of subjectivity and interobserver reproducibility, but reproducibility between unfamiliar pathologists was considerably higher than in groups of pathologists who had studied or worked together. Importantly, the 2004 WHO classification aimed to provide a detailed explanation of histological criteria for each diagnostic category and therefore improve reproducibility between different pathologists. However, no improvement of reproducibility in comparison with the 1973 WHO classification was observed. Moreover, among the pathologists better reproducibility of the 1973 WHO classification was registered compared to the 1999 and 2004 classifications. Reproducibility of the papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential diagnosis was only 48 %. At the same time, reproducibility of the 1973 WHO classification too has its problems. The biggest criticism is ambiguity in the diagnostic criteria of the 3 grades of urothelial carcinoma.</p><p><bold>Conclusions.</bold> Standardization of the grading system of superficial bladder cancer allows to validate comparison between treatment outcomes in different centers. Introduction of the 2004 classification is the first step to treatment and monitoring standardization, but all of the classifications proposed by the WHO have shortcomings caused by considerable heterogeneity of papillary urothelial neoplasms. Significant interobserver reproducibility between papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential and low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma shows inadvisability of creating a separate diagnostic category for papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Гистологическая система стадирования – важный прогностический фактор рака мочевого пузыря. Стадирование уротелиальной карциномы мочевого пузыря является предметом дискуссий с момента внедрения в 1973 г. трехступенчатой системы.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> – оптимизировать гистологическую систему стадирования уротелиальной карциномы.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Проведен анализ литературы, посвященный оценке диагностической значимости, вариабельности и меж- наблюдательной воспроизводимости имеющихся на сегодняшний день классификаций уротелиального рака мочевого пузыря: 1973, 1998, 1999 и 2004 гг.</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Предложенная в 1973 г. классификация – наиболее распространенный и проверенный временем метод стадирования опухолей мочевого пузыря. В 1998 г. она была модифицирована Международным обществом урологической патологии. В 1999 г. Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) утвердила новую классификацию, которая осталась трехступенчатой, но отличалась от ранее предложенных тем, что опухоли подразделялись на папиллому, папиллярную уротелиальную опухоль с низким потенциалом злокачественности, уротелиальную карциному I, II и III степеней злокачественности. Определение папилломы было одинаковым во всех этих классификациях. В 2004 г. утверждена новая классификация ВОЗ, в которой неинвазивные уротелиаль- ные опухоли подразделяются на папиллому, папиллярную уротелиальную опухоль с низким потенциалом злокачественности, карциному низкой и высокой степеней злокачественности. Все предложенные системы градации имели ту или иную степень субъективности и межнаблюдательной воспроизводимости, однако воспроизводимость между незнакомыми друг с другом патологами была намного больше, чем в группах патологов, которые учились или работали вместе. Важной задачей классификации ВОЗ 2004 г. было предоставить детализированное объяснение гистологических критериев для каждой диагностической категории и, таким образом, улучшить воспроизводимость между разными патологами. Однако улучшения воспроизводимости между патологами по сравнению с классификацией ВОЗ 1973 г. не зафиксировано. Более того, среди патологов отмечена лучшая воспроизводимость классификации ВОЗ 1973 г. по сравнению с классификациями 1999 и 2004 гг. Воспроизводимость с диагнозом папиллярной уротелиальной опухоли с низким потенциалом злокачественности составила всего 48 %. В то же время воспроизводимость классификации ВОЗ 1973 г. уротелиальных опухолей также проблематична. Наибольшую критику этой системы вызывает неопределенность критериев диагностики в разделении 3 степеней уротелиальной карциномы.</p><p><bold>Выводы</bold>. Стандартизация системы стадирования поверхностного рака мочевого пузыря позволяет валидизировать сравнение результатов лечения в различных центрах. Введение классификации 2004 г. является первым шагом в стандартизации лечения и режимов наблюдения, однако все предложенные ВОЗ классификации имеют недостатки, обусловленные значительной гетерогенностью среди папиллярных уротелиальных опухолей. Значительная межнаблюдательная воспроизводимость между папиллярной уротелиальной опухолью с низким потенциалом злокачественности и папиллярной уротелиальной карциномой низкой степени злокачественности указывает на нецелесообразность выделения отдельной диагностической категории папиллярной уротелиальной опухоли с низким потенциалом злокачественности.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>urothelial carcinoma of the bladder</kwd><kwd>histological grading system</kwd><kwd>reproducibility</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>уротелиальная карцинома мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>гистологическая система стадирования</kwd><kwd>воспроизводимость</kwd><kwd>прогноз</kwd><kwd>рецидив</kwd><kwd>маркеры</kwd><kwd>иммуногистохимическое исследование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Президент РФ (грант МК-6070.2015.7)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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