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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">576</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2016-12-2-58-63</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. URINARY BLADDER CANCER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак мочевого пузыря</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Squamous metaplasia as a manifestation of urogenital schistosomiasis and its complications</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Плоскоклеточная метаплазия как проявление мочеполового шистосомоза и его осложнений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolmakov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колмаков</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>antonkol_030275@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Startsev</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старцев</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Hospital of Lobito</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клинический госпиталь г. Лобиту</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Benguela province, Republic Angola</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Республика Ангола, провинция Бенгела</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Departament of Oncology, Pediatric Oncology and Radiotherapy, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">кафедра онкологии, детской онкологии и лучевой терапии ГБОУ ВПО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">2 Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg, 194100, Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Россия, 194100, Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-06-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-06-24"><day>24</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/576">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/576</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Leukoplakia or squamous metaplasia (SM) of the bladder detect with the endoscopic diagnostic with urothelial biopsy. The reason for the development of SM, besides irritation of a mucous membrane by chemical reagents or drugs, is prolonged exposure of schistosome eggs (Schistosoma haematobium), penetrating into the bladder during invasion. The most common cause of urothelial SM is urogenital schistosomiasis (US) and one of the most known and dangerous its complications is schistosomiasis bladder cancer (sBC). Features of cellular mechanisms linking the schistosomes invasion with the development of sBC are not well studied. Urothelial SM use to indicate by the presence of cancerous transformation, or may be a marker of long-term inflammation. The flow of squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder usually is accompanied by a keratinizing SM. Taking into account the socio-political conditions of the modern world and the development of tourism, the relevance of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with those diseases continues to grow.</p><p> </p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The results of observation the group of 181 residents of the Republic of Angola with gross haematuria analyzed from 2009 till 2010. US verified in all cases. We conducted urine tests for detection of schistosomes, cytological examination of urine sediment (CEUS), ultrasound and endoscopic diagnostic methods, biopsy of the urothelium. The database of the hospitals used in the statistical analysis.<bold/></p><p><bold>Results.</bold> In 142 (78.5 %) cases uncomplicated US confirmed, at 39 (21.5 %) patients sBC revealed. Schistosomes invasion and trichomonas were combined in 21 (14.8 %) cases. Changes and thickness of the bladder wall by ultrasound were accompanied with the SM in 26.8 % cases. The combination of SM and hydronephrosis caused by ureteral stenosis due to US were founded in 2 (1.4 %) cases. The coincidence cases of PM with ultrasound picture, featuring for manifestations US did not exceed 14.1 %. Cystoscopically SM detected at 76 (53.5 %) patients. The SM confirmed by complex of CEUS, cystoscopy and ultrasound in cases of gross granulomatous mucosal changes of the bladder wall with a significant (&gt; 8 mm) thickening of the body wall. SM verified in 25 (64.1 %) cases with sBC (median age 29.25 years). The incidence of metaplasia was directly correlated with the stage of cancer. All patients with US and sBC were treated with praziquantel 40 mg / kg and, additionally, with fluoroquinolones in non-specific bacteriuria cases (28.9 %) and with antiprotozoa’s in cases of trichomoniasis (14.8 %). Control cystoscopy performed 10 days after the end of treatment. After the course of conservative therapy all symptoms of SM disappeared, without need to specialized surgical treatment.<bold/></p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Identifying SM in patients with sBC does not have independent clinical significance: it was founded in conjunction with other specific mucosal changes, may accompany the uncomplicated forms of US and was not detected in patients with sBC in early stages. Therefore we are not being able to use that change as specific marker of the cancer transformation. The complete regression of dysplastic urothelium changes verified at the end of conservative treatment. Further study of the structure and changes of the bladder epithelium in patients with US is very important for understand the pathogenesis of tumor growth and for keeping a highquality of life for young patients with firstly revealed bladder cancer of parasitic nature.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Лейкоплакию, или плоскоклеточную метаплазию (ПМ) мочевого пузыря, выявляют при эндоскопической диагностике с биопсией уротелия. Помимо раздражения слизистой оболочки химическими реагентами или лекарственными средствами причиной развития ПМ служит длительное воздействие яиц шистосом (Schistosoma haematobium), проникающих в мочевой пузырь при инфицировании. Наиболее частой причиной ПМ является мочеполовой шистосомоз (МШ) с одним из наиболее известных и опасных осложнений – шистосомным раком мочевого пузыря (шРМП). Течение шРМП, как правило, сопровождается ороговевающей ПМ. Особенности клеточных механизмов, связывающих шистосомную инвазию с развитием шРМП, изучены недостаточно. ПМ может указывать на наличие раковой трансформации или служить маркером длительного воспалительного процесcа. С учетом социально-политических условий современного мира и развития туризма актуальность вопросов диагностики и лечения больных этими видами патологии возрастает.<bold/></p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Проанализированы результаты наблюдения 181 жителя Республики Ангола, обратившихся с макрогематурией, за 2009–2010 гг. У всех пациентов верифицирован МШ. Выполняли тесты мочи на выявление шистосом, цитологическое исследование осадка мочи (ЦИОМ), лучевые и эндоскопические методы диагностики, биопсию уротелия. При статистическом анализе использовали госпитальные базы данных.<bold/></p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В 142 (78,5 %) случаях был подтвержден неосложненный МШ, у 39 (21,5 %) пациентов выявлен шРМП (средний возраст 29,25 года). В 21 (14,8 %) случае МШ инвазия шистосом сочеталась с трихомонадной инфекцией, яйца шистосом в осадке мочи определены лишь в 20 % случаев. Изменения структуры и толщины стенки мочевого пузыря по данным ультразвукового исследования сочетались с ПМ в 26,8 % случаев. Сочетание ПМ и гидронефроза за счет стеноза устья мочеточника на фоне МШ обнаружено у 2 (1,4 %) пациентов. Совпадение случаев ПМ с ультразвуковой картиной, характерной для проявлений МШ, не превышало 14,1 %. При цистоскопии ПМ отмечена у 76 (53,5 %) больных. В большинстве случаев ПМ была подтверждена при сочетании ЦИОМ, цистоскопии и ультразвукового исследования при грубых гранулематозных изменениях слизистой оболочки мочевого пузыря и значительном (свыше 8 мм) утолщении стенки органа. Среди пациентов с шРМП ПМ верифицирована в 25 (64,1 %) случаях. Частота встречаемости метаплазии напрямую коррелировала со стадией опухолевого процесса. Всем больным проводили терапию празиквантелом 40 мг / кг. При бактериурии (28,9 %) дополнительно назначали фторхинолоны, при трихомониазе (14,8 %) – антипротозойные средства. Контрольную цистоскопию выполняли спустя 10 дней после окончания лечения. После завершения курса терапии все явления ПМ были купированы, специализированное хирургическое лечение не проводили.<bold/></p><p><bold>Выводы.</bold> Выявление ПМ у больных МШ не имеет самостоятельного клинического значения, поскольку встречается в комплексе с другими специфическими изменениями слизистой оболочки, а также не определяется на ранних стадиях опухолевого процесса. ПМ сопровождает неосложненные формы МШ, при консервативном лечении отмечается полная регрессия диспластических изменений уротелия. Дальнейшее изучение структуры и поведения эпителия мочевого пузыря у больных МШ чрезвычайно важно для понимания патогенеза опухолевого роста и сохранения высокого качества жизни молодых пациентов с впервые выявленным раком мочевого пузыря паразитарной природы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>urinary schistosomiasis</kwd><kwd>squamous metaplasia</kwd><kwd>leukoplakia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>мочеполовой шистосомоз</kwd><kwd>плоскоклеточная метаплазия</kwd><kwd>лейкоплакия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. 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