<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">385</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2014-10-3-83-90</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Axitinib in the successive targeted therapy of patients with metastatic kidney cancer</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Акситиниб в последовательной т аргетной терапии больных метастатическим раком почки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekseev</surname><given-names>B. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алексеев</surname><given-names>Б. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalpinsky</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калпинский</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.Kalpinskiy@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nyushko</surname><given-names>K. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нюшко</surname><given-names>К. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaprin</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каприн</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute&#13;
&#13;
Department of Urology with Course of Urologic Oncology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow&#13;
&#13;
Department of Oncology, Medical Institute for Postgraduate Training of Physicians, Moscow State University of Food Productions</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт им П.А. Герцена&#13;
&#13;
кафедра урологии с курсом онкоурологии ФПК МР РУДН, Москва&#13;
&#13;
кафедра онкологии Медицинского института усовершенствования врачей Московского государственного университета пищевых продуктов</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute&#13;
&#13;
Department of Urology with Course of Urologic Oncology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт им П.А. Герцена&#13;
&#13;
кафедра урологии с курсом онкоурологии ФПК МР РУДН, Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">P.A. Herzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский научно-исследовательский онкологический институт им П.А. Герцена</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-09-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2014-11-09"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2014-11-09"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2014</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/385">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/385</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. There is a global increase in the incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC); more than 200 thousand new cases are recordedevery year. Despite the high (40–60 %) detection rate for localized RCC, the incidence of locally advanced and metastatic RCC (mRCC)remains high. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as sorafenib, sunitinib, bevacizumab, and pazopanib, versus cytokine therapy or placebodemonstrated their efficacy in the treatment of mRCC during randomized trials. A randomized Phase III AXIS trial evaluating the efficacy of axitinib in direct comparison with sorafenib in patients with progressive mRCC during first-line systemic therapy has become one of the first studies comparatively investigating the targeted drugs.</p><p><bold>Subjects and methods.</bold> The trial enrolled 723 patients with mRCC from 175 centers in 22 countries in the period September 2008 to July 2010. The patients were randomized 1:1 to either axitinib (n = 361) or sorafenib (n = 362). Of them, 389 (54 %) patients had previously received sunitinib, 251 (35 %) cytokines, 59 (8 %) bevazisumab, and 24 (3 %) temsirolimus.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. Median overall survival (OS) was 20.1 months (95 % confidence (CI) 16.7–23.4) in the axitinib group and 19.2 months (CI 17.5–22.3) in the sorafenib group (odds ratio (OR) 0.969; 95 % CI 0.800–1.174; p = 0.374). According to the investigator assessments, median progression-free survival was 8.3 months (95 % CI 6.7–9.2) in the patients who took axitinib and 5.7 months (CI 4.7–6.5) in those who received sorafenib (OR 0.656; 95 % CI 0.552–0.779; p &lt; 0.0001). The most common grade III adverse reactions related to axitinib included hypertension (n = 60 (17 %)), diarrhea (n = 40 (11 %)), and fatigability (n = 37 (10 %)). The grade III adverse reactions associated with sorafenib included palmoplanar syndrome (n = 61 (17 %)), hypertension (n = 43 (12 %)), and diarrhea (n = 27 (8 %)). A detailed analysisshowed that the high registration rate of axitinib-induced hypertension was a significant prognostic factor of the efficiency of targeted therapy. Median OS in patients with hypertension developing within 12 weeks after randomization and a diastolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 90 mm Hg was significantly longer than in those with a diastolic BP of &lt; 90 mm Hg: 20.7 months (95 % CI 18.4–24.6) versus 12.9 months (CI 10.1–20.4) in the axitinib group (р = 0.0116) and 20.2 months (95 % CI 17.1–32.0) versus 14.8 months (95 % CI 12.0–17.7) in the sorafenib group (р = 0.0020). During a multivariate analysis, the prognostic factors associated with short-term OS included a previous treatment option (cytokines or sunitinib), ECOG somatic status = 1; a less than 1‑year interval from diagnosis to treatment initiation in the AXIS trial; more thanone metastatic focus; hepatic metastases; skeletal metastases; a hemoglobin level below the lower limit of the normal range; a corrected calcium level of &gt; 10 mg / dl; a lactate dehydrogenase level 1.5‑fold above the upper limit of the normal range, and alkaline phosphatase or neutrophil levels greater than the upper limit of the normal range.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> Axitinib is one of the first targeted drugs, which has demonstrated its efficacy in direct comparison with the other targeted agent sorafenib within the framework of the randomized Phase III AXIS trial in patients with progressive mRCC during first-line systemic therapy. Axitinib versus sorafenib significantly increased median progression-free survival rates in the general population of patients and in those who had previously received therapy with cytokines or sunitinib (p &lt; 0.0001). Axitinib has a satisfactory toxicity profile and the high registration rate of hypertension associated with the drug is a significant prognostic factor for the efficiency of targeted therapy, as shown by the detailed analysis. To comply with the guidelines for monitoring BP and correcting hypertension permits long-term and effective targeted axitinib therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Заболеваемость почечно-клеточным раком (ПКР) в мире возрастает, ежегодно регистрируют более 200 тыс. новых пациентов. Несмотря на высокую частоту выявления (40–60 %) локализованного ПКР, заболеваемость местно-распространенными и метастатическими формами ПКР (мПКР) остается высокой. Ингибиторы тирозинкиназ, такие как сорафениб, сунитиниб, бевацизумаб и пазопаниб, продемонстрировали эффективность в лечении мПКР в ходе рандомизированных исследований в сравнении с цитокиновой терапией или плацебо. Одной из первых работ по сравнительному изучению таргетных препаратов стало рандомизированное исследование III фазы AХIS, в котором оценивали эффективность акситиниба в прямом сравнении с сорафенибом у больных мПКР с прогрессированием на фоне системной терапии 1‑й линии.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> В период с сентября 2008 по июль 2010 г. в исследование были включены 723 пациента с мПКР из 175 центров в 22 странах. Больных рандомизировали в соотношении 1:1 в группы приема акситиниба (n = 361) и приема сорафениба (n = 362). Из них 389 (54 %) пациентов ранее получали сунитиниб, 251 (35 %) – цитокины, 59 (8 %) – бевацизумаб и 24 (3 %) – темсиролимус.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Медиана общей выживаемости (ОВ) составила 20,1 мес (95 % доверительный интервал (ДИ) 16,7–23,4) в группе акситиниба и 19,2 мес (ДИ 17,5–22,3) в группе сорафениба (отношение рисков (ОР) 0,969; 95 % ДИ 0,800–1,174; р = 0,374). Медиана выживаемости без прогрессирования (ВБП) согласно исследовательской оценке составила 8,3 мес (95 % ДИ 6,7–9,2) у больных, принимавших акситиниб, и 5,7 мес (ДИ 4,7–6,5) у пациентов, применявших сорафениб (ОР 0,656; 95 % ДИ 0,552–0,779; р &lt; 0,0001). К наиболее частым побочным эффектам III степени тяжести, связанным с приемом акситиниба, относили артериальную гипертензию (АГ) (n = 60; 17 %), диарею (n = 40; 11 %) и утомляемость (n = 37; 10 %). К побочным эффектам III степени тяжести, ассоциируемым с приемом сорафениба, относили ладонно-подошвенный синдром (n = 61; 17 %), АГ (n = 43; 12 %) и диарею (n = 27; 8 %). Согласно результатам детального анализа высокая частота регистрации АГ, ассоциированнойс применением акситиниба, является достоверным фактором прогноза эффективности таргетной терапии. Медиана ОВ больных с развившейся в течение 12 нед после рандомизации АГ у пациентов с диастолическим артериальным давлением (АД) ≥ 90 мм рт. ст. была достоверно продолжительнее, чем у больных с диастолическим АД &lt; 90 мм рт. ст.: 20,7 мес (95 % ДИ 18,4–24,6) против 12,9 мес (ДИ 10,1–20,4) в группе акситиниба (р = 0,0116) и 20,2 мес (95 % ДИ 17,1–32,0) против 14,8 мес (95 % ДИ 12,0–17,7) в группе сорафениба (р = 0,0020). При проведении многофакторного анализа к прогностическим факторам, ассоциированным с короткой ОВ, относили: вид предыдущего лечения (цитокины или сунитиниб), соматический статус по шкале ECOG = 1, менее 1 года от постановки диагноза до начала лечения в исследовании AXIS, более чем один метастатический очаг, наличие метастазов в печени, метастазы в костях скелета, гемоглобин ниже нижней границы нормы, скорректированный уровень кальция &gt; 10 мг / дл, уровень лактатдегидрогеназы в 1,5 раза выше верхней границы нормы, а также уровень щелочной фосфатазы или нейтрофилов, превышающий верхнюю границу нормы.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Акситиниб – один из первых таргетных препаратов, продемонстрировавший эффективность в прямом сравнении с другим таргетным препаратом сорафенибом в рамках рандомизированного исследования III фазы AXIS у больных мПКР с прогрессированием на фоне системной терапии 1‑й линии. Акситиниб по сравнению с сорафенибом достоверно увеличивал медиануВБП в общей популяции больных, а также у пациентов, ранее получавших цитокиновую терапию и терапию сунитинибом (р &lt; 0,0001). Акситиниб обладает удовлетворительным профилем токсичности, а высокая частота регистрации АГ, ассоциированной с применением препарата, при детальном анализе является достоверным фактором прогноза эффективности таргетной терапии. Соблюдение рекомендаций по мониторингу АД и коррекции АГ позволяет проводить длительную и эффективную таргетную терапию акситинибом.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metastatic renal cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>targeted therapy</kwd><kwd>angiogenesis inhibitors</kwd><kwd>axitinib</kwd><kwd>inlyta</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метастатический почечно-клеточный рак</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы ангиогенеза</kwd><kwd>акситиниб</kwd><kwd>инлита</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">1. International Agency for Research on Cancer. The GLOBOCAN project: cancer incidence and mortality worldwide in 2012. http://globocan.iarc.fr/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International Agency for Research on Cancer. The GLOBOCAN project: cancer incidence and mortality worldwide in 2012. http://globocan.iarc.fr/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">2. Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2012 году: заболеваемость и смертность. Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, Г.В. Петровой. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Злокачественные новообразования в России в 2012 году: заболеваемость и смертность. Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, Г.В. Петровой. М., 2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">3. Mulders P. Continued progress in treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: an update on the role of Sunitinib. Eur Urol 2008;Suppl 7: 579–84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mulders P. Continued progress in treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma: an update on the role of Sunitinib. Eur Urol 2008;Suppl 7: 579–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">4. Abraham R.T., Gibbons J.J. The mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway: twists and turns in the road to cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:3109–14.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abraham R.T., Gibbons J.J. The mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway: twists and turns in the road to cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:3109–14.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">5. Hay N., Sonenberg N. Upstream and downstream of mTOR. Genes Dev 2004;18: 1926–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hay N., Sonenberg N. Upstream and downstream of mTOR. Genes Dev 2004;18: 1926–45.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">6. Rini B.I., Michaelson M.D., Rosenberg J.E. et al. Antitumor activity and biomarker analysis of sunitinib in patients with bevacizumabrefractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3743–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rini B.I., Michaelson M.D., Rosenberg J.E. et al. Antitumor activity and biomarker analysis of sunitinib in patients with bevacizumabrefractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3743–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">7. Kirchner H., Strumberg D., Bahl A. and Overkam F. Patient-based strategy for systemic treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010;10(4):585–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirchner H., Strumberg D., Bahl A. and Overkam F. Patient-based strategy for systemic treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2010;10(4):585–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">8. Patard J.-J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical practice: patient selection. Eur Urol Suppl 2008;7:601–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patard J.-J. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors in clinical practice: patient selection. Eur Urol Suppl 2008;7:601–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">9. Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P. et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renalcell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:115–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motzer R.J., Hutson T.E., Tomczak P. et al. Sunitinib versus interferon alfa in metastatic renalcell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:115–24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">10. Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W. et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:125–34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escudier B., Eisen T., Stadler W. et al. Sorafenib in advanced clear-cell renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:125–34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">11. Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P. et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2271–81.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hudes G., Carducci M., Tomczak P. et al. Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2271–81.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">12. Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Oudard S. et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008;372:449–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Oudard S. et al. Efficacy of everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma: A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Lancet 2008;372:449–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">13. Escudier B., Pluzanska A., Koralewski P. et al. AVOREN Trial investigators. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 2007;370:2103–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Escudier B., Pluzanska A., Koralewski P. et al. AVOREN Trial investigators. Bevacizumab plus interferon alfa-2a for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A randomised, double-blind phase III trial. Lancet 2007;370:2103–11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">14. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: kidney cancer [v.2014]. http://www.nccn.org/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: kidney cancer [v.2014]. http://www.nccn.org/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">15. Ljungberg B., Bensalah K., Bex A. et al. Guidelines on renal cell cancer. European Association of Urology 2014. http://www.uroweb.org/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ljungberg B., Bensalah K., Bex A. et al. Guidelines on renal cell cancer. European Association of Urology 2014. http://www.uroweb.org/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">16. Rini B.I., Rixe O., Bukowski R.M. et al. AG-013736, a multi-target tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a phase 2 study of cytokinerefractory, metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2005;23. Abstr 4509.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rini B.I., Rixe O., Bukowski R.M. et al. AG-013736, a multi-target tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor, demonstrates anti-tumor activity in a phase 2 study of cytokinerefractory, metastatic renal cell cancer (RCC). J Clin Oncol 2005;23. Abstr 4509.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">17. Sonpavde G., Hutson T.E., Rini B.I. Axitinib for renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008;17:741–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sonpavde G., Hutson T.E., Rini B.I. Axitinib for renal cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008;17:741–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">18. O’Farrell A.M., Abrams T.J., Yuen H.A. et al. SU11248 is a novel FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent activity in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2003;101:3597–605.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Farrell A.M., Abrams T.J., Yuen H.A. et al. SU11248 is a novel FLT3 tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potent activity in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2003;101:3597–605.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">19. Abrams T.J., Lee L.B., Murray L.J. et al. SU11248 inhibits KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta in preclinical models of human small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:471–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abrams T.J., Lee L.B., Murray L.J. et al. SU11248 inhibits KIT and platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta in preclinical models of human small cell lung cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2003;2:471–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">20. Flaherty K.T. Sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:747–52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flaherty K.T. Sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:747–52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">21. Rixe O., Bukowski R.M., Michaelson M.D. et al. Axitinib treatment in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal-cell cancer: a phase II study. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:975–84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rixe O., Bukowski R.M., Michaelson M.D. et al. Axitinib treatment in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal-cell cancer: a phase II study. Lancet Oncol 2007;8:975–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">22. Motzer R.J., De La Motte Rouge T., Harzstark A.L. et al. Axitinib second-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): 5-year (yr) overall survival (OS) data from a phase 2 trial. J Clin Oncol 2011;29. Abstr 4547.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motzer R.J., De La Motte Rouge T., Harzstark A.L. et al. Axitinib second-line therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): 5-year (yr) overall survival (OS) data from a phase 2 trial. J Clin Oncol 2011;29. Abstr 4547.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">23. Tomita Y., Uemura H., Fujimoto H. et al. Key predictive factors of axitinib (AG- 013736)-induced proteinuria and efficacy: a Japanese phase II study in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 8). Abstr 902P.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomita Y., Uemura H., Fujimoto H. et al. Key predictive factors of axitinib (AG- 013736)-induced proteinuria and efficacy: a Japanese phase II study in patients with cytokine-refractory metastatic renal cell cancer (mRCC). Ann Oncol 2010;21(Suppl 8). Abstr 902P.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">24. Rini B.I., Wilding G., Hudes G. et al. Phase II study of axitinib in sorafenibrefractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4462–8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rini B.I., Wilding G., Hudes G. et al. Phase II study of axitinib in sorafenibrefractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:4462–8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">25. Rini B.I., Escudier B., Tomczak P. et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;378:1931–9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rini B.I., Escudier B., Tomczak P. et al. Comparative effectiveness of axitinib versus sorafenib in advanced renal cell carcinoma (AXIS): a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011;378:1931–9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">26. Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Tomczak P. et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:552–62.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motzer R.J., Escudier B., Tomczak P. et al. Axitinib versus sorafenib as second-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: overall survival analysis and updated results from a randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2013;14:552–62.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">27. Rini B.I., Quinn D.I., Baum M. et al. Hypertension among patients with renal cell carcinoma receiving axitinib or sorafenib: analysis from the randomized phase III AXIS trial. Target Oncol 2014. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rini B.I., Quinn D.I., Baum M. et al. Hypertension among patients with renal cell carcinoma receiving axitinib or sorafenib: analysis from the randomized phase III AXIS trial. Target Oncol 2014. [Epub ahead of print].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
