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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1695</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2023-19-1-85-101</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. PROSTATE CANCER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак предстательной железы</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Androgen receptor signaling mechanism in prostate cancer: resistance to antiandrogen therapy and association with DNA repair genes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сигнальный механизм рецептора андрогена при раке предстательной железы: резистентность к антиандрогенной терапии и связь с генами репарации повреждений ДНК</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0698-7710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stukan</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стукань</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasiya I. Stukan.</p><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040; 4 Mitrofana Sedina St., Krasnodar 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стукань Анастасия Игоревна.</p><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146; 350063 Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, 4</p></bio><email>jolie86@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7127-7945</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryainova</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горяинова</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040; 4 Mitrofana Sedina St., Krasnodar 350063</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146; 350063 Краснодар, ул. Митрофана Седина, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryan</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорян</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2183-7920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutyan</surname><given-names>V. F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутян</surname><given-names>В. Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhdanov</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жданов</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>146 Dimitrova St., Krasnodar 350040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>350040 Краснодар, ул. Димитрова, 146</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4305-6691</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Semiglazova</surname><given-names>T. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семиглазова</surname><given-names>Т. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy, Saint Petersburg 197758; 41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68; 191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-7891</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Imyanitov</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Имянитов</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>68 Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy, Saint Petersburg 197758; 41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015; 2 Litovskaya St., Saint Petersburg 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>197758 Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный, ул. Ленинградская, 68; 191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41; 194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical Oncological Dispensary No. 1, Ministry of Health of Krasnodar region</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Клинический онкологический диспансер № 1» Минздрава Краснодарского края</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Петрова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov North-West State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-05-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>101</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-13"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1695">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1695</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>. Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer remains a complex problem due to patients' previous treatments and limited selection of subsequent therapies. While 2<sup>nd</sup> generation antiandrogens are initially effective, resistance to them is not an exceptional event. Mechanisms depending on androgen receptor and independent of it have been described. A special focus is on mutations in DNA repair genes, particularly genes involved in homologous recombination repair (HRR) as a possible cause of somatic genetic abnormalities specifically in progressive metastatic disease. However, data on the effect of the HRR defect on the effectiveness of antiandrogen therapy for prostate cancer are very limited, which requires additional clinical studies.</p><p><bold>Aim</bold>. To evaluate the effect of clinical, morphological, molecular and genetic factors on the effectiveness of enzalutamide antiandrogen therapy in patients with prostate cancer and known mutations in DNA repair genes involved in HRR and mismatch repair.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>. The study was performed at the Clinical Oncological Dispensary No. 1 (Krasnodar). Retrospective analysis of clinical and morphological parameters of 54 patients with prostate cancer who received enzalutamide antiandrogen therapy and with known status of germ line and somatic mutations of HRR DNA repair genes (<italic>BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BARD, BRIP1, CDK12, CHEK1, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD54L, FANCL</italic>) and microsatellite instability in immunohistochemical determination of mismatch repair deficit was performed. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v.22 software.</p><p><bold>Results and conclusion</bold>. In 17 of 54 patients, pathogenic germline and somatic mutations of HRR genes were detected: 7 mutations in <italic>BRCA2</italic> gene, 4 - in <italic>CHEK2</italic>, 2 - in <italic>BRCA1</italic>, 2 - in <italic>CDK12</italic>, 1 - in <italic>BRIP1</italic> and 1 - in <italic>ATM</italic>. It was shown that in the group of patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, histological grade per the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) G2 (total Gleason score 7 (3 + 4)) is significantly associated with the absence of HRR mutation, and grade G3 (total Gleason score 7 (4 + 3)) was associated with HRR mutations (<italic>р</italic> &lt;0.05). Increase in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level/biochemical progression 12-16 weeks after enzalutamide therapy start was significantly associated with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer without HRR mutations (<italic>р</italic> &lt;0.05). In case of tumor response to enzalutamide therapy, decrease in PSA level did not depend on the age of disease onset, differentiation grade, primary advancement, previous docetaxel treatment, and presence of HRR mutation. Cox multivariate regression test showed that prescription of docetaxel before enzalutamide increased the risk of PSA-progression (hazard ratio (HR) 5.160; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.549-17.189; <italic>р</italic> = 0.008) and radiographic progression (HR 5.161; 95 % CI 1.550-17.187; <italic>р</italic> = 0.008). Progression risk decreased with increased level of PSA decrease 12-16 weeks after enzalutamide therapy start: for PSA decrease &gt;30 % HR 0.150; 95 % CI 0.040-0.570; <italic>р</italic> = 0.005; for PSA decrease &gt;50 % HR 0.039; 95 % CI 0.006-0.280; <italic>р</italic> = 0.001; for PSA decrease &gt;90 % HR 0.116; 95 % CI 0.036-0.375; <italic>р</italic> = 0.000. Presence of HRR mutation, age &lt;58 years, primary metastatic disease and poorly differentiated morphology did not affect duration without PSA-progression (<italic>p</italic> &gt;0.05). Kaplan-Meier curves showed a trend towards increased time to development of castration resistance in the group of primary early cancer (Breslow <italic>р</italic> = 0.06; Tarone-Ware <italic>р</italic> = 0.062). Subgroup analysis showed that in the cohort of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (n = 48), absence of HRR mutation in patients who previously received docetaxel therapy increases time to PSA-progression compared to patients with mutations (<italic>log-rank </italic><italic>р</italic> &lt;0.05).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. Метастатический кастрационно-резистентный рак предстательной железы остается сложной проблемой ввиду предлеченности пациентов и ограниченного выбора методов последующей терапии. При первоначальной эффективности антиандрогенов 2-го поколения резистентность к ним не является исключительным событием. Описаны механизмы, зависящие от рецептора андрогена и не зависящие от него. При этом пристальное внимание уделено мутациям в генах репарации повреждений ДНК, в частности путем гомологичной рекомбинации (homologous recombination repair, HRR), как возможной причине соматических генетических нарушений именно при прогрессирующем метастатическом течении. Однако данные о влиянии дефекта HRR на эффективность антиандрогенной терапии РПЖ весьма ограниченны, что требует проведения дополнительных клинических исследований.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> - оценка влияния клинико-морфологических и молекулярно-генетических факторов на эффективность антиандрогенной терапии энзалутамидом у больных раком предстательной железы с известным статусом мутаций генов репарации ДНК путем HRR и механизма репарации некомплементарных пар нуклеотидов.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Исследование выполнено на базе Клинического онкологического диспансера № 1 (Краснодар). Ретроспективно проанализированы клинико-морфологические параметры 54 больных раком предстательной железы, получивших антиандрогенную терапию энзалутамидом, с известным статусом герминальных и соматических мутаций генов репарации повреждений ДНК путем HRR (<italic>BRCA1, BRCA2, ATM, BARD, BRIP1, CDK12, CHEK1, CHEK2, PALB2, RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD54L, FANCL</italic>) и микросателлитной нестабильности при иммуногистохимическом определении дефицита репарации некомплементарных пар нуклеотидов. Статистический анализ выполнен с использованием пакета IBM SPSS Statistics v.22.</p><p><bold>Результаты и заключение</bold>. У 17 из 54 пациентов выявлены патогенные герминальные и соматические мутации генов HRR: 7 мутаций в гене <italic>BRCA2</italic>, 4 - в <italic>CHEK2</italic>, 2 - в <italic>BRCA1</italic>, 2 - в CDK12, 1 - в <italic>BRIP1</italic> и 1 - в <italic>ATM</italic>. Показано, что в группе больных метастатическим кастрационно-резистентным раком предстательной железы гистологическая градация по классификации Международного общества урологических патологов (ISUP) G2 (сумма баллов по шкале Глисона 7 (3 + 4)) статистически значимо связана с отсутствием мутации генов HRR, при этом градация G3 (сумма баллов по шкале Глисона 7 (4 + 3)) ассоциирована с наличием мутаций генов HRR (<italic>р</italic> &lt;0,05). Рост уровня простатического специфического антигена (ПСА)/биохимическое прогрессирование в сроки 12-16 нед от начала терапии энзалутамидом был статистически значимо связан с метастатическим кастрационно-резистентным раком предстательной железы без мутаций генов HRR (р &lt;0,05). В случае ответа опухоли на лечение энзалутамидом снижение уровня ПСА не зависело от возраста манифестации заболевания, степени дифференцировки, первичной распространенности, предшествующего назначения доцетаксела и наличия мутации генов HRR. В многофакторном регрессионном анализе Кокса назначение доцетаксела до энзалутамида повышало риск ПСА-прогрессирования (отношение рисков (ОР) 5,160; 95 % доверительный интервал (ДИ) 1,549-17,189; р = 0,008) и рентгенологического прогрессирования (ОР 5,161; 95 % ДИ 1,550-17,187; р = 0,008). Риск прогрессирования уменьшался при увеличении степени снижения уровня ПСА после 12-16 нед терапии энзалутамидом: при снижении уровня ПСА &gt;30 % ОР 0,150; 95 % ДИ 0,040-0,570; <italic>р</italic> = 0,005; при снижении уровня ПСА &gt;50 % ОР 0,039; 95 % ДИ 0,006-0,280; <italic>р</italic> = 0,001; при снижении уровня ПСА &gt;90 % ОР 0,116; 95 % ДИ 0,036-0,375; <italic>р</italic> = 0,000. Наличие мутации генов HRR, возраст &lt;58 лет, первично-метастатическое заболевание и низкодифференцированная морфология не влияли на время без ПСА-прогрессирования (<italic>p</italic> &gt;0,05). При построении кривых Каплана-Майера имелась тенденция к увеличению времени до развития кастрационной резистентности в группе первичного раннего рака (Breslow <italic>р</italic> = 0,06; Tarone-Ware <italic>р</italic> = 0,062). При подгрупповом анализе в когорте больных метастатическим кастрационно-резистентным раком предстательной железы (<italic>n</italic> = 48) наличие мутации генов HRR у пациентов, предлеченных доцетакселом, было связано с уменьшением времени до ПСА-прогрессирования по сравнению с больными без мутации (<italic>log-rank р</italic> &lt;0,05).</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>mutation of homologous recombination repair genes</kwd><kwd>HRR</kwd><kwd><italic>BRCA1/2</italic>-mutation</kwd><kwd><italic>CHEK2</italic>-mutation</kwd><kwd>enzalutamide</kwd><kwd>resistance to second-generation antiandrogenes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>мутации генов репарации ДНК путем гомологичной рекомбинации</kwd><kwd>HRR</kwd><kwd>мутация <italic>BRCA1/2</italic></kwd><kwd>мутация <italic>CHEK2</italic></kwd><kwd>энзалутамид</kwd><kwd>резистентность к антиандрогенам 2-го поколения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study was performed with the support of Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 21-75-30015).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проведено при поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 21-75-30015).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L. et al. 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