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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1641</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2023-19-2-101-110</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Analysis of deep learning approaches for automated prostate segmentation: literature review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Анализ подходов к глубокому обучению для автоматизированного выделения и сегментации предстательной железы: обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3521-8937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Talyshinskii</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Талышинский</surname><given-names>А. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Ali El’manovich Talyshinskii </p><p>Build. 1, 11 Serebryakova Proezd, Moscow 129343, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Али Эльманович Талышинский </p><p>Россия, 129343 Москва, пр-д Серебрякова, 11, корп. 1 </p></bio><email>ali-ma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2359-6973</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guliev</surname><given-names>B. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гулиев</surname><given-names>Б. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia</p><p>56 Liteynyy Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 191014, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41</p><p>Россия, 191014 Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр-кт, 56 </p></bio><email>gulievbg@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8351-9216</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamyshanskaya</surname><given-names>I. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камышанская</surname><given-names>И. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 11 Serebryakova Proezd, Moscow 129343, Russia </p><p>56 Liteynyy Prospekt, Saint Petersburg 191014, Russia</p><p>7–9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 129343 Москва, пр-д Серебрякова, 11, корп. 1 </p><p>Россия, 191014 Санкт-Петербург, Литейный пр-кт, 56</p><p>Россия, 199034 Санкт-Петербург, Университетская набережная, 7–9 </p></bio><email>irinaka@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4359-979X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia </p><p>lit. A, 68A Leningradskaya St., Pesochnyy, Saint Petersburg 197758, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41 </p><p>Россия, 197758 Санкт-Петербург, пос. Песочный,  Ленинградская ул., 68А, лит. А </p></bio><email>novikov_urol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-6924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhanbyrbekuly</surname><given-names>U.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жанбырбекулы</surname><given-names>У.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KZ">Kazakhstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Urology and Andrology</p><p>49A Beybitshilik St., Astana 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кафедра урологии и андрологии </p><p>Республика Казахстан, 010000 Астана, ул. Бейбитшилик, 49A </p></bio><email>Ulanbek.amu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6800-4505</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mamedov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мамедов</surname><given-names>А. Э.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34 Moskovskoye Shosse, Samara 443086, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 443086 Самара, Московское шоссе, 34 </p></bio><email>anar555mamedov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3145-0245</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Povago</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поваго</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41 </p></bio><email>eetwo@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-0581</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Andriyanov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Андриянов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>41 Kirochnaya St., Saint Petersburg 191015, Russia </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Россия, 191015 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Кирочная, 41 </p></bio><email>mr.haisenberg001@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Med-Ray</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Мед-Рей»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.I. Mechnikov North-West State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет им. И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mariinsky Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПб ГБУЗ «Городская Мариинская больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.P. Napalkov Saint Petersburg Clinical Scientific and Practical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care (Oncological)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ «Санкт-Петербургский клинический научно-практический центр специализированных видов медицинской помощи (онкологический) им. Н.П. Напалкова»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Astana Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НАО «Медицинский университет Астана»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff7"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Самарский национальный исследовательский университет им. акад. С.П. Королева»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-08-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>110</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-03"><day>03</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-04-14"><day>14</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1641">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1641</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background. </bold>Delineation of the prostate boundaries represents the initial step in understanding the state of the whole organ and is mainly manually performed, which takes a long time and directly depends on the experience of the radiologists. Automated prostate selection can be carried out by various approaches, including using artificial intelligence and its subdisciplines – machine and deep learning.<bold>Aim. </bold>To reveal the most accurate deep learning-based methods for prostate segmentation on multiparametric magnetic resonance images.<bold>Materials and methods. </bold>The search was conducted in July 2022 in the PubMed database with a special clinical query (((AI) OR (machine learning)) OR (deep learning)) AND (prostate) AND (MRI). The inclusion criteria were availability of the full article, publication date no more than five years prior to the time of the search, availability of a quantitative assessment of the reconstruction accuracy by the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) calculation.<bold>Results. </bold>The search returned 521 articles, but only 24 papers including descriptions of 33 different deep learning networks for prostate segmentation were selected for the final review. The median number of cases included for artificial intelligence training was 100 with a range from 25 to 365. The optimal DSC value threshold (0.9), in which automated segmentation is only slightly inferior to manual delineation, was achieved in 21 studies.<bold>Conclusion. </bold>Despite significant achievements in the development of deep learning-based prostate segmentation algorithms, there are still problems and limitations that should be resolved before artificial intelligence can be implemented in clinical practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение. </bold>Определение границ предстательной железы является начальным шагом в понимании состояния органа и в основном выполняется вручную, что занимает длительное время и напрямую зависит от опыта рентгенолога. Автоматизация в выделении предстательной железы может быть осуществлена различными подходами, в том числе с помощью искусственного интеллекта и его субдисциплин – машинного и глубокого обучения.<bold>Цель работы </bold>– детальный анализ литературы для определения наиболее эффективных способов автоматизированной сегментации предстательной железы по снимкам мультипараметрической магнитно-резонансной томографии посредством глубокого обучения.<bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Поиск публикаций проводился в июле 2022 г. в поисковой системе PubMed с помощью клинического запроса (((AI) OR (machine learning)) OR (deep learning)) AND (prostate) AND (MRI). Критериями включения были доступность полного текста статьи, дата публикации не более 5 лет на момент поиска, наличие количественной оценки точности реконструкции предстательной железы с помощью коэффициента Серенсена–Дайса (Dice similarity coefficient, DSC).<bold>Результаты. </bold>В результате поиска найдена 521 статья, из которой в анализ были включены только 24 работы, содержавшие описание 33 различных способов глубокого обучения для сегментации предстательной железы. Медиана количества исследований, включенных для обучения искусственного интеллекта, составила 100 с диапазоном от 25 до 365. Оптимальным значением DSC, при котором автоматизированная сегментация лишь незначительно уступает ручному послойному выделению предстательной железы, составляет 0,9. Так, DSC выше порогового достигнут в описании 21 алгоритма.<bold>Заключение. </bold>Несмотря на значимые достижения в автоматизированной сегментации предстательной железы с помощью алгоритмов глубокого обучения, до сих пор существует ряд проблем и ограничений, требующих решения для внедрения искусственного интеллекта в клиническую практику.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging</kwd><kwd>artificial intelligence</kwd><kwd>prostate segmentation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>мультипараметрическая магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd><kwd>искусственный интеллект</kwd><kwd>сегментация предстательной железы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kossov P.A., Chernyaev V.A., Akhverdieva G.I. et al. 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