<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Cancer Urology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Cancer Urology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Онкоурология</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1726-9776</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">1996-1812</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Publishing House ABV Press</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1448</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17650/1726-9776-2021-17-3-110-120</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEWS</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern principles of diagnosis and treatment of patients with neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные основы диагностики и лечения пациентов с нейроэндокринной карциномой предстательной железы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1243-743X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Startsev</surname><given-names>V. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старцев</surname><given-names>В. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir Yurievich Startsev</p><p>2 Litovskaya St., Saint-Petersburg 194100</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Владимир Юрьевич Старцев - профессор<bold> </bold>кафедры онкологии, детской онкологии и лучевой терапии<bold>, </bold>SPIN-код <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://elibrary.ru/author_info.asp?isold=1">8925-7380.</ext-link></p><p>194100 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2</p></bio><email>doc.urolog@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1121-9430</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shpof</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шпоть</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Build. 1, 2 Bol’shaya Pirogovskaya St., Moscow 119435</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Евгений Валерьевич Шпоть - заведующий урологическим отделением УКБ 2, SPIN-код 5025-7708.</p><p>119435 Москва, ул. Большая Пироговская, 2</p></bio><email>shpot@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7687-8205</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krivonosov</surname><given-names>D. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кривоносов</surname><given-names>Д. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>11 Prazhskaya St., Saint-Petersburg 192238</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дмитрий Игоревич Кривоносов - врач уролог.</p><p>192238 Санкт-Петербург, ул. Пражская, 11</p></bio><email>doc.krivonosov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">City Polyclinic No. 19</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">СПбГБУЗ Городская поликлиника № 19</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-11-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>120</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-06-08"><day>08</day><month>06</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-08-30"><day>30</day><month>08</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1448">https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1448</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background.</bold> Prostate cancer (PCa) is well-known as the 2nd leading cause of death from malignant neoplasms among the males from developed countries. One of the variants of the disease - neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate (NECP) -manifests itself as the form of castration-resistant PCa. Distinctive manifestations of NECP include a low level of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), a high potential rate of metastasis, and resistance to hormone replacement therapy. There are very few medical publications on the possibilities of diagnosis and therapy of this type of tumor.</p><p><bold>The objective</bold> of the study is to review the current foundations of pathogenesis, methods of diagnosis and treatment of patients with NECP.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods.</bold> The data of modern medical literature from the PubMed/Crossref archives, from the Elsevier and Scopus databases for 1991-2020 were studied. The materials on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of NECP, as well as the methods of diagnosis and treatment of patients with this pathology are summarized. A comparative analysis of the levels of neuroendocrine markers in castration-resistant and localized forms of PCa was carried out. The schemes of combination therapy of NECP with the use of somatostatin analogs are considered.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> The detection rate of NECP is reduced due to the blurred clinical picture and morphological characteristics similar to poorly differentiated carcinoma. The basis for the diagnosis of NECP is the determination of the levels of neuronal markers - chromogranin A, neuron-specific enolase, and a number of potentially mitogenic hormones, including PTHrP, NT, serotonin, bombesin, calcitonin, and thyroid-stimulating hormone. The worst prognosis was observed in patients with initially high levels of chromogranin A, which emphasizes the high significance of this indicator for monitoring NECP. The drug of choice in the treatment of patients with this pathology is the somatostatin analogue octreotide-depot, the use of which in combination with hormone replacement therapy leads to stabilization of PCa in 50 % of cases. During therapy with an analogue of somatostatin alone or in cases of tumor progression against the background of chemotherapy, a decrease in PSA level is noted in 50-60 % of cases, and PSA level stabilization - in 41.7-53.3 %.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> We founded an insufficient number of randomized clinical trials of NECP, therefore, the prognosis of the development of this pathology remains completely unclear. The use of somatostatin analogues, along with targeted therapy, is the main choice of therapy for NECP, but requires further study in the program of randomized trials. If a positive result is obtained, it will be possible to use somatostatin analogs more widely to improve the quality and increase the life expectancy of patients with NECP.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Рак предстательной железы (РПЖ) признан 2-й ведущей причиной смерти от злокачественных новообразований среди мужского населения развитых стран. Один из вариантов заболевания - нейроэндокринная карцинома предстательной железы (НЭКП) - проявляется в форме кастрационно-резистентного РПЖ. К отличительным проявлениям НЭКП относят низкий уровень сывороточного простатического специфического антигена (ПСА), высокую потенциальную скорость метастазирования и резистентность к проведению заместительной гормональной терапии. Публикаций о возможностях диагностики и терапии данного вида опухолей в медицинской литературе крайне мало.</p><p><bold>Цель исследования</bold> - провести обзор современных основ патогенеза, методов диагностики и лечения пациентов с НЭКП.</p><p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Изучены данные современной медицинской литературы из архивов PubMed/Crossref, из баз Elsevier и Scopus за 1991-2020 гг. Обобщены материалы по эпидемиологии и этиопатогенезу НЭКП, а также о методах диагностики и лечения пациентов с этой патологией. Проведен сравнительный анализ уровней нейроэндокринных маркеров при кастрационно-резистентном и локализованных формах РПЖ. Рассмотрены схемы комбинированной терапии НЭКП с использованием аналогов соматостатина.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Частота обнаружения НЭКП снижена из-за стертой клинической картины и морфологических характеристик, сходных с низкодифференцированной карциномой. Основой диагностики НЭКП служит определение уровней нейрональных маркеров - хромогранина А, нейронспецифической енолазы и ряда потенциально митогенных гормонов, включая PTHrP, NT, серотонин, бомбезин, кальцитонин и тиреотропный гормон. Худший прогноз отмечен у пациентов с исходно высокими уровнями хромогранина А, что подчеркивает высокую значимость показателя для мониторинга НЭКП. Препаратом выбора при лечении пациентов с данной патологией признан аналог соматостатина октреотид-депо, использование которого в комбинации с заместительной гормональной терапией приводит в 50 % случаев к стабилизации РПЖ. При проведении терапии аналогом соматостатина в самостоятельном режиме или в случаях прогрессии опухоли на фоне химиотерапии отмечают снижение уровня ПСА в 50-60 % случаев, а стабилизацию уровня ПСА - в 41,7-53,3 %.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Отмечено недостаточное количество рандомизированных клинических исследований НЭКП, поэтому прогноз развития данной патологии остается не до конца понятным. Использование аналогов соматостатина, наряду с таргетной терапией, является основным выбором терапии НЭКП, но требует дополнительного изучения в программе рандомизированных исследований. При получении положительного результата появится возможность шире использовать аналоги соматостатина для улучшения качества и увеличения продолжительности жизни пациентов с НЭКП.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neuroendocrine carcinoma of the prostate</kwd><kwd>castrate-resistant prostate cancer</kwd><kwd>chromogranin A</kwd><kwd>octreotide depot</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейроэндокринная карцинома предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>кастрационно-резистентный рак предстательной железы</kwd><kwd>хромогранин А</kwd><kwd>октреотид-депо</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Siegel R., Desantis C., Virgo K. et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 2012;62(4):220—41. DOI: 10.3322/caac.21149.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">State of oncological care in Russia in 2019. Eds.: А.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinskiy, A.O. Shachzadova. Moscow: MNIOI im. PA. Gertsena - filial FGBU “NMITS radiologii” Minzdrava Rossii, 2020. 239 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2019 году. Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, А.О. Шахзадовой. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена - филиал ФГБУ «НМИЦ радиологии» Минздрава России, 2020. 239 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Kvale R., Auvinen A., Adami H.O. et al. Interpreting trends in prostate cancer. incidence and mortality in the five Nordic countries. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99(24):1881—7. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djm249.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Guidelines on Prostate Cancer. European Association of Urology EAU, 2017. 146 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Patel G.K., Chugh N., Tripathi M. Neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer-an intriguing example of tumor evolution at play. Cancers (Basel) 2019;11(10):1405. DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101405.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Startsev V.Yu., Vorobyov N.V., Bespalova E.V. et al. Neuroendocrine prostate tumors: from morphology to a modern treatment approach. Moscow: Farm-sintez, 2018. 51 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Старцев В.Ю., Воробьев Н.В., Беспалова Е.В и др. Нейроэндокринные опухоли предстательной железы: от морфологии к современному лечебному подходу. М.: Фарм-синтез, 2018. 51 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Conteduca V., Oromendia C., Eng K. et al. Clinical features of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Eur J Cancer 2019;121:7-18. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.08.011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Hu J., Han B., Huang J. Morphologic spectrum of neuroendocrine tumors of the prostate: an updated review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020;144(3):320—5. DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0434-RA.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Q., Han Y., Zhang Y et al. Treatment-emergent neuroendocrine prostate cancer: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 94 cases. Front Oncol 2021;10:571308. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.571308.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Puca L., Vlachostergios PJ., Beltran H. Neuroendocrine differentiation in prostate cancer: emerging biology, models, and therapies. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019;9(2):a030593. DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030593.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Vlachostergios P.J., Papandreou C.N. Targeting neuroendocrine prostate cancer: molecular and clinical perspectives. Front Oncol 2015;5:6 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Sant’Agnese P.A. di Neuroendocrine differentiation in human prostatic carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1992;23(3):287—96. DOI: 10.1016/0046-8177(92)90110-o.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Cox M.E., Deeble P.D., Lakhani S., Parsons S.J. Acquisition of neuroendocrine characteristics by prostate tumor cells is reversible: implications for prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 1999;59(15):3821—30.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Humez S., Monet M., Legrand G. et al. Epidermal growth factor-induced neuroendocrine differentiation and apoptotic resistance of androgen-independent human prostate cancer cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006;13(1):181 —95. DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.01079.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Szarvas T., Csizmarik A., Fazekas T. et al. Comprehensive analysis of serum chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase levels in localized and castration-resistant prostate cancer. BJU Int 2021;127(1):44— 55. DOI: 10.1111/bju.15086.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Travis W.D., Brambilla E., Burke A.P. et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. 4rd edn. Lyon: IARC, 2016. Pp. 172-175.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>1Schron D.S., Gipson T., Mendelsohn G. The histogenesis of small cell carcinoma of the prostate. An immunohistochemical study. Cancer 1984;53(11):2478-80. DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19840601)53:11&lt;2478:aid-cncr2820531119&gt;3.0.co;2-q.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Yuan T.C., "Vfeeramani S., Lin F.F. et al. Androgen deprivation induces human prostate epithelial neuroendocrine differentiation of androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006;13(1):151-67. DOI: 10.1677/erc.1.01043.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Li Y., Chen H.Q., Chen M.F. et al. Neuroendocrine differentiation is involved in chemoresistance induced by EGF in prostate cancer cells. Life Sci 2009;84(25-26):882-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.03.021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kaur H., Samarska I., Lu J. et al. Neuroendocrine differentiation in usual-type prostatic adenocarcinoma: molecular characterization and clinical significance. 2020;80(12):1012-23. DOI: 10.1002/pros.24035.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Wang J., Xu W., Mierxiati A. et al. Low-serum prostate-specific antigen level predicts poor outcomes in patients with primary neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Prostate 2019;79(13):1563—71. DOI: 10.1002/pros.23878.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mahmoud S., Staley J., Bogden A. et al. Bombesin analogues inhibit growth of small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1991;51(7):1798—802.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Hoosein N.M., Logothetis C.J., Chung L.W. Differential effects of peptide hormones bombesin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and somatostatin analog RC-160 on the invasive capacity of human prostatic carcinoma cells. J Urol 1993;149(5):1209—13. DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)36349-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Courtney K.D., Manola J.B., Elfiky A.A. et al. A phase I study of everolimus and docetaxel in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2015;13(2):113—23. DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2014.08.007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Dang Q., Li L., Xie H. et al. Antiandrogen enzalutamide enhances prostate cancer neuroendocrine (NE) differen-tiation via altering the infiltrated mast cells → androgen receptor (AR) → miRNA32 signals. Mol Oncol 2015;9(7):1241—51. DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.02.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Dong B., Fan L., Wang Y. et al. Influence of abiraterone acetate on neuroendocrine differentiation in chemotherapy-naive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2017;77(13):1373—80. DOI: 10.1002/pros.23397.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Strosberg J.R., Mizuno N., Doi T. et al. Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab in previously treated advanced neuroendocrine tumors: results from the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study. Clin Cancer Res 2020;26(9):2124—30. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-3014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Wynik D., Bloom S.R. The use of long-acting somatostatin analog octreotide in the treatment of gut neuroendocrine tumors. J Endocrin Metab 1991;73(1): 1—3. DOI: 10.1210/jcem-73-1-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Weckbecker G., Raulf F., Stolz B., Bruns C. Somatostatin analogs for diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 1993;60(2):245—64. DOI: 10.1016/0163-7258(93)90009-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Patel Y.C. Somatostatin and its receptor family. Front Neuroendo-crinol 1999;20(3):157—98. DOI: 10.1006/frne.1999.0183.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>O’Byrne K.J., Schally A.V., Thomas A. et al. Somatostatin, its receptors and analogs, in lung cancer. Chemotherapy 2001;47(Suppl 2):78—108. DOI: 10.1159/000049163.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Vainas I.G. Octreotide in the management of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Chemotherapy 2001;47(Suppl 2): 109—126. DOI: 10.1159/000049164.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Koutsilieris M., Mitsiades C., Dimopoulos T. et al. A combination therapy of dexamethasone and somatostatin analog reintroduces objective clinical responses to LHRH analog in androgen ablation-refractory prostate cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86(12):5729—36. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.86.12.8119.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Gonzalez-Barcena D., Schally A.V., Vadillo-Buenfil M. et al. Response of patients with advanced prostatic cancer to administration of somatostatin analogue RC-160 (vapreotide) at the time of relapse. Prostate 2003;56(3):183—91. DOI: 10.1002/pros.10232.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Dimopoulos M.A., Kiamouris C., Gika D. et al. Combination of LHRH analog with somatostatin analog and dexmethasone versus chemotherapy in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomized Phase II study. Urology 2004;63(1):120— 5. DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.08.041.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Mitsiades C.S., Bogdanos J., Karamanolakis D. et al. Randomized controlled clinical trial of a combination of somatostatin analog and dexamethasone plus zolendronate vs zolendronate in patients with androgen ablation-refractory prostate cancer. Anticancer Res 2006;26(5B):3693—700.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Dasgupta P. Somatostatin analogues: multiple roles in cellular proliferation, neoplasia, and angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2004;102(1):61—85. DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.02.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>D’Angelillo R.M., Greco C., Fiore M. et al. Somatostatin analogs and disease control in castration-resistant prostate cancer: different biological behavior? Case series and review of the literature. Tumori 2014;100(3):249—53. DOI: 10.1700/1578.17192.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Imhof A., Brunner P., Marincek N. et al. Response, survival, and long-term toxicity after therapy with the radiolabeled somatostatin analogue [90Y-DOTA]-TOC in metastasized neuroendocrine cancers. J Clin Oncol 2011;29(17):2416—23. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.7873.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alekseev B.Ya., Kaprin A.D., Nyushko K.M. The role of somatostatin analogues in the treatment of patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Onkourologiya = Cancer Urology 2011;2:84—8. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алексеев Б.Я., Каприн А.Д., Нюшко К.М. Роль аналогов сомато-статина в лечении больных гормонорефрактерным раком предстательной железы. Онкоурология 2011;(2):84—88</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gritskevich A.A., Mishulin S.V., Rusakov I.G. Somatostatin analogues in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Effektivnaya farmako-terapiya = Effective Pharmacotherapy 2013;19(2):22—6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грицкевич А.А., Мишугин С.В., Русаков И.Г. Аналоги соматостатина в лечении кастрационно-резистентного рака предстательной железы. Эффективная фармакотерапия 2013;19(2.):22—6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ganov D.I., Varlamov S.A. Experience of using octreotide in patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer. Onkourolo-giya = Cancer Urology 2011;(4):71—3. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ганов Д.И., Варламов С.А. Опыт применения октреотида у пациентов с кас-трационно-рефрактерным раком предстательной железы. Онкоурология 2011;(4):71—3. [Ganov D.I., Varlamov S.A. Experience of using octreotide in patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer. Onkourolo-giya = Cancer Urology 2011;(4):71—3. (In Russ.)].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sivkov A.V., Efremov G.D., Rabinovich E.Z. et al. Determination of treatment tactics for patients with prostate cancer with a proven neuroendocrine status. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya = Effective Pharmacotherapy 2013;24:3-6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сивков А.В., Ефремов Г.Д., Рабинович Э.З. и др. Определение тактики лечения больных РПЖ с доказанным нейроэндокринным статусом. Эффективная фармакотерапия 2013;24:3-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andrianov A.N., Kalpinsky A.S., Krasheninnikov A.A. et al. New possibilities of therapy of patients with castration-refractory prostate cancer. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya = Effective Pharmacotherapy 2014;37:6-10. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андрианов А.Н., Калпинский А.С., Крашенинников А.А. и др. Новые возможности терапии больных кастраци-онно-рефрактерным раком предстательной железы. Эффективная фармакотерапия 2014;37:6-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishugin S.V., Mordovin A.A., Gritskevich A.A. et al. Prolonged-acting somatostatin analog octreotide in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: 20 or 30 mg? Onkologiya. Zhurnal im. P.A. Gertsena = Oncology. P.A. Herzen Journal 2014;(5):52—5. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мишугин С.В., Мордовин А.А., Грицкевич А.А. и др. Аналог соматостатина пролонгированного действия октрео-тид у больных кастрационно-рези-стентным раком предстательной железы: 20 или 30 мг? Онкология. Журнал им. П.А. Герцена 2014;(5):52—5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Niu Y., Guo C., Wen S. et al. ADT with antiandrogens in prostate cancer induces adverse effect of increasing resistance, neuroendocrine differentiation and tumor metastasis. Cancer Lett 2018;439:47-55. DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Rafferty J., Nagaraj H., McCloskey A.P. et al. Peptide therapeutics and the pharmaceutical industry: barriers encountered translating from the laboratory to patients. Curr Med Chem 2016;23(37):4231-59. DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160909155222.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu S., Oremo J.A., Li S. et al. Synergistic antitumor activities of docetaxel and octreotide associated with apoptotic-upregulation in castration-resistant prostate cancer. PLoS One 2014;9:e91817. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091817.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Alshalalfa M., Liu Y., Wyatt A.W. et al. Characterization of transcriptomic signature of primary prostate cancer analogous to prostatic small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2019;145(12):3453-61. DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32430.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Fan L., Yang Y., Chi C. et al. Neuroendocrine differentiation markers guide treatment sequence selection in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2019;79(6):567—73. DOI: 10.1002/pros.23762.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rusakov I.G., Gritskevich A.A. The possibilities of somatostatin analogues in the treat-ment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Onkologiya. Zhurnal im. P.A. Gertsena = Oncology. P.A. Herzen Journal 2012;(1):73-6. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Русаков И.Г., Грицкевич А.А. Возможности аналогов соматостатина в лечении кастрационно-резистент-ного рака предстательной железы. Онкология. Журнал им. П.А. Герцена 2012;(1):73—6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Brown L.C., Halabi S., Schonhoft J.D. et al. Circulating tumor cell chromosomal instability and neuroendocrine phenotype by immunomorphology and poor outcomes in men with mCRPC treated with abiraterone or enzalutamide. Clin Cancer Res 2021;27(14):4077-88. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3471.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
