Cancer UrologyCancer UrologyОнкоурология1726-97761996-1812Publishing House ABV Press118410.17650/1726-9776-2006-2-2-45-51DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF URINARY SYSTEM TUMORS. PROSTATE CANCERДИАГНОСТИКА И ЛЕЧЕНИЕ ОПУХОЛЕЙ МОЧЕПОЛОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ. Рак предстательной железыMolecular pathology of prostate cancer: diagnostic and prognostic value of major markersМолекулярная патология рака предстательной железы: диагностическая и прогностическая значимость основных маркеровAlyaevYu. G.АляевЮ. Г.
Russian Federation
BezrukovYe. A.БезруковЕ. А.
Russian Federation
ShestiperovP. A.ШестиперовП. А.
Russian Federation
Clinic of Urology, I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical AcademyУрологическая клиника ММА им. И.М. Сеченова300620062245511802202018022020https://oncourology.abvpress.ru/oncur/article/view/1184

Prostate cancer is well-known to be a multifactorial disease and this explains the baffling complexity of its study. Novel advances in molecular medicine have permitted detection of considerable molecular changes underlying the development of prostate cancer. Unfortunately, emerging “pure scientific” findings have left far behind their clinical use and prostatic-specific antigen (PSA) still remains the only achievement in molecular pathology that has found wide clinical application. This review discusses the most significant and clinically relevant advances in molecular pathology with respect to prostate cancer.

.

1. Gutman A.B., Gutman E.B. An Ааcid A phosphate occuring in the serum of patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate gland. J Clin Invest 1938;17:473–8.Gutman A.B., Gutman E.B. An Ааcid A phosphate occuring in the serum of patients with metastasizing carcinoma of the prostate gland. J Clin Invest 1938;17:473–8.2. Ablin R.J. Prostate-specific antigen: A prognostic indicator of prostate pathophysiology. http://www.oncolink.upenn.edu/dis-ease/prostate/Ablin.html, pp. 1.10 (10/29/96 5:10 PM)Ablin R.J. Prostate-specific antigen: A prognostic indicator of prostate pathophysiology. http://www.oncolink.upenn.edu/dis-ease/prostate/Ablin.html, pp. 1.10 (10/29/96 5:10 PM)3. Ablin R.J., Soanes W.A., Bronson P., Witebsky E. Precipitating antigens of the normal human prostate. J Reprod Fertil 1970; 22: 573–4.Ablin R.J., Soanes W.A., Bronson P., Witebsky E. Precipitating antigens of the normal human prostate. J Reprod Fertil 1970; 22: 573–4.4. Hara M., Inorre T., Fukuyama T. Some physico-chemical characteristics of gamma-seminoprotein, an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Jap. J Legal Med 1971;25:322–4.Hara M., Inorre T., Fukuyama T. Some physico-chemical characteristics of gamma-seminoprotein, an antigenic component specific for human seminal plasma. Jap. J Legal Med 1971;25:322–4.5. Graves H.C., Sensabaugh G.F., Blake E.T. Postcoital detection of a male-specific semen protein. Application to the investigation of rape. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(6): 338–43.Graves H.C., Sensabaugh G.F., Blake E.T. Postcoital detection of a male-specific semen protein. Application to the investigation of rape. N Engl J Med 1985; 312(6): 338–43.6. Wang M.C., Valenzuela L.A., Murphy G.P., Chu T.M. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest Urol 1979;17: 159–63.Wang M.C., Valenzuela L.A., Murphy G.P., Chu T.M. Purification of a human prostate specific antigen. Invest Urol 1979;17: 159–63.7. Huber P.R., Schnell Y., Hering F., Rutishauser G. Prostate specific antigen. Experimental and clinical observations.Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1987;104:33–9.Huber P.R., Schnell Y., Hering F., Rutishauser G. Prostate specific antigen. Experimental and clinical observations.Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1987;104:33–9.8. Potosky A.L., Miller B.A., Albertsen P.C. et al. The role of detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA 1995;273:548–52.Potosky A.L., Miller B.A., Albertsen P.C. et al. The role of detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. JAMA 1995;273:548–52.9. Holmberg L., Bill-Axelson A., Helgesen F.et al. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:781–9.Holmberg L., Bill-Axelson A., Helgesen F.et al. A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 347:781–9.10. Oesterling J.E. Prostate-specific antigen and diagnosing early malignancies of the prostate. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1992;16H:31–43.Oesterling J.E. Prostate-specific antigen and diagnosing early malignancies of the prostate. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1992;16H:31–43.11. Partin A.W., Criley S.R., Subong E.N. et al. Standard versus age-specific prostate specific antigen reference ranges among men with clinically localized prostate cancer: A pathological analysis. J Urol 1996;155(4):1336–9.Partin A.W., Criley S.R., Subong E.N. et al. Standard versus age-specific prostate specific antigen reference ranges among men with clinically localized prostate cancer: A pathological analysis. J Urol 1996;155(4):1336–9.12. Gilbert S.M., Cavallo C.B., Kahane H., Lowe F.C. Evidence suggesting PSA cutpoint of 2.5 ng/mL for prompting prostate biopsy: review of 36,316 biopsies. Urology 2005;65(3):549–53.Gilbert S.M., Cavallo C.B., Kahane H., Lowe F.C. Evidence suggesting PSA cutpoint of 2.5 ng/mL for prompting prostate biopsy: review of 36,316 biopsies. Urology 2005;65(3):549–53.13. Saraiya M., Kottiri B.J., Leadbetter S. et al. Total and percent free prostate-specific antigen levels among U.S. men, 2001-2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(9):2178–82.Saraiya M., Kottiri B.J., Leadbetter S. et al. Total and percent free prostate-specific antigen levels among U.S. men, 2001-2002. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(9):2178–82.14. Welch H.G., Schwartz L.M., Woloshin S. Prostate-specific antigen levels in the United States: implications of various definitions for abnormal. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97(15):1132–7.Welch H.G., Schwartz L.M., Woloshin S. Prostate-specific antigen levels in the United States: implications of various definitions for abnormal. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005;97(15):1132–7.15. Johansson J.E., Andren O., Andersson S.O. et al. Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer. JAMA 2004;291(22):2713–9.Johansson J.E., Andren O., Andersson S.O. et al. Natural history of early, localized prostate cancer. JAMA 2004;291(22):2713–9.16. Трапезников Н.Н., Аксель Е.М. Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ (состояние онкологической помощи, заболеваемость и смертность). М. 2001.Трапезников Н.Н., Аксель Е.М. Статистика злокачественных новообразований в России и странах СНГ (состояние онкологической помощи, заболеваемость и смертность). М. 2001.17. Twyman R. M.. Principles of proteomics. BIOS Scientific Publishers, New York 2004;1:25–7.Twyman R. M.. Principles of proteomics. BIOS Scientific Publishers, New York 2004;1:25–7.18. Umbas R., Isaacs W.B., Bringuier P.P. et al. Decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 3929–33.Umbas R., Isaacs W.B., Bringuier P.P. et al. Decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 3929–33.19. Umbas R., Schalken J.A., Aalders T.W. et al. Expression of the cellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is reduced or absent in highgrade prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1992;52:5104–9.Umbas R., Schalken J.A., Aalders T.W. et al. Expression of the cellular adhesion molecule E-cadherin is reduced or absent in highgrade prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1992;52:5104–9.20. Ross J.S., Figge H.L., Bui H.X. et al. E-cadherin expression in prostatic carcinoma biopsies: correlation with tumor grade, DNA content, pathologic stage, and clinical outcome. Mod Pathol 1994;7:835–41.Ross J.S., Figge H.L., Bui H.X. et al. E-cadherin expression in prostatic carcinoma biopsies: correlation with tumor grade, DNA content, pathologic stage, and clinical outcome. Mod Pathol 1994;7:835–41.21. Jaggi M., Rao P.S., Smith D.J. et al. E-cadherin phosphorylation by protein kinase D1/protein kinase C{mu} is associated with altered cellular aggregation and motility in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65(2):483–92.Jaggi M., Rao P.S., Smith D.J. et al. E-cadherin phosphorylation by protein kinase D1/protein kinase C{mu} is associated with altered cellular aggregation and motility in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65(2):483–92.22. Rubin M.A., Mucci N.R., Figurski J. et al. E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer: a broad survey using high-density tissue microarray technology. Hum Pathol 2001;32:690–7.Rubin M.A., Mucci N.R., Figurski J. et al. E-cadherin expression in prostate cancer: a broad survey using high-density tissue microarray technology. Hum Pathol 2001;32:690–7.23. Price J.T., Bonovich M.T., Kohn E.C. Biochemistry of cancer dissemination. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1997;32:175.Price J.T., Bonovich M.T., Kohn E.C. Biochemistry of cancer dissemination. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1997;32:175.24. Chambers A.F., Matrisian L.M. Changing views of the role of matrix metallo-proteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89(17):1260–70.Chambers A.F., Matrisian L.M. Changing views of the role of matrix metallo-proteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89(17):1260–70.25. Morgia G., Falsaperla M., Malaponte G. et al. Matrix metalloproteinases as diagnostic (MMP-13) and prognostic (MMP-2, MMP-9) markers of prostate cancer. Urol Res 2005;33(1):44–50.Morgia G., Falsaperla M., Malaponte G. et al. Matrix metalloproteinases as diagnostic (MMP-13) and prognostic (MMP-2, MMP-9) markers of prostate cancer. Urol Res 2005;33(1):44–50.26. Semaan M., Jovenin N., Birembaut P. et al. Prognostic value of stromal immunolabelling by MMP-2, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in clinically localized prostate cancer. Prog Urol 2005;15(2):250–4.Semaan M., Jovenin N., Birembaut P. et al. Prognostic value of stromal immunolabelling by MMP-2, MT1-MMP and TIMP-2 in clinically localized prostate cancer. Prog Urol 2005;15(2):250–4.27. Jiang T., Jiang H., Song X.S et al. P53 expression and its clinical significance in prostatic carcinoma. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2005;11(6):448–51, 454.Jiang T., Jiang H., Song X.S et al. P53 expression and its clinical significance in prostatic carcinoma. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2005;11(6):448–51, 454.28. Grignon D.J., Caplan R., Sarkar F.H. et al. p53 status and prognosis of locally advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma: a study based on RTOG 8610. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:158–65.Grignon D.J., Caplan R., Sarkar F.H. et al. p53 status and prognosis of locally advanced prostatic adenocarcinoma: a study based on RTOG 8610. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:158–65.29. Kurita T., Medina R.T., Mills A.A., Cunha G.R. Role of p63 and basal cells in the prostate. Development 2004;131(20):4955–64.Kurita T., Medina R.T., Mills A.A., Cunha G.R. Role of p63 and basal cells in the prostate. Development 2004;131(20):4955–64.30. Hameed O., Sublett J., Humphrey P.A. Immunohistochemical stains for p63 and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, versus a cocktail comprising both, in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma: a comparison of the immunohistochemical staining of 430 foci in radical prostatectomy and needle biopsy tissues. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29(5):579–87.Hameed O., Sublett J., Humphrey P.A. Immunohistochemical stains for p63 and alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase, versus a cocktail comprising both, in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma: a comparison of the immunohistochemical staining of 430 foci in radical prostatectomy and needle biopsy tissues. Am J Surg Pathol 2005;29(5):579–87.31. Kibel A.S., Faith D.A., Bova G.S. et al. Loss of heterozygosity at 12P12–13 in primary and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. J Urol 2000;164:192–6.Kibel A.S., Faith D.A., Bova G.S. et al. Loss of heterozygosity at 12P12–13 in primary and metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. J Urol 2000;164:192–6.32. Kuczyk M.A., Bokemeyer C., Hartmann J. et al. Predictive value of altered p27Kip1 and p21WAF/Cip1 protein expression for the clinical prognosis of patients with localized prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2001;8(6):1401–7.Kuczyk M.A., Bokemeyer C., Hartmann J. et al. Predictive value of altered p27Kip1 and p21WAF/Cip1 protein expression for the clinical prognosis of patients with localized prostate cancer. Oncol Rep 2001;8(6):1401–7.33. Revelos K., Petraki C., Gregorakis A. et al. p27(kip1) and Ki-67 (MIB1) immunohistochemical expression in radical prostatectomy specimens of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. In Vivo 2005;19(5):911–20.Revelos K., Petraki C., Gregorakis A. et al. p27(kip1) and Ki-67 (MIB1) immunohistochemical expression in radical prostatectomy specimens of patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. In Vivo 2005;19(5):911–20.34. Shaffer D.R., Viale A., Ishiwata R. et al. Evidence for a p27 tumor suppressive function independent of its role regulating cell proliferation in the prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(1):210–5.Shaffer D.R., Viale A., Ishiwata R. et al. Evidence for a p27 tumor suppressive function independent of its role regulating cell proliferation in the prostate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102(1):210–5.35. Maddison L.A., Sutherland B.W., Barrios R.J., Greenberg N.M. Conditional deletion of Rb causes early stage prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64(17):6018–25.Maddison L.A., Sutherland B.W., Barrios R.J., Greenberg N.M. Conditional deletion of Rb causes early stage prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64(17):6018–25.36. Morin G.B. The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats. Cell 1991; 59:521.Morin G.B. The human telomere terminal transferase enzyme is a ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes TTAGGG repeats. Cell 1991; 59:521.37. Kim N.W., Piatyszek M.A., Prowse K.R. et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994;266:2011–5.Kim N.W., Piatyszek M.A., Prowse K.R. et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science 1994;266:2011–5.38. Broccoli D., Young J.W., de Lange T. Telomerase activity in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92: 9082–6.Broccoli D., Young J.W., de Lange T. Telomerase activity in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1995;92: 9082–6.39. Sommerfeld H.J., Meeker A.K., Piatyszek M.A. et al. Telomerase activity: a prevalent marker of malignant human prostate tissue. Cancer Res 1996;56: 218–22.Sommerfeld H.J., Meeker A.K., Piatyszek M.A. et al. Telomerase activity: a prevalent marker of malignant human prostate tissue. Cancer Res 1996;56: 218–22.40. Botchkina G.I., Kim R.H., Botchkina I.L. et al. Noninvasive detection of prostate cancer by quantitative analysis of telomerase activity. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11(9):3243–9.Botchkina G.I., Kim R.H., Botchkina I.L. et al. Noninvasive detection of prostate cancer by quantitative analysis of telomerase activity. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11(9):3243–9.41. Kamradt J., Drosse C., Kalkbrenner S. et al. Telomerase activity and telomerase sub-unit gene expression levels are not related in prostate cancer: a real-time quantification and in situ hybridization study. Lab Invest 2003;83: 623–33.Kamradt J., Drosse C., Kalkbrenner S. et al. Telomerase activity and telomerase sub-unit gene expression levels are not related in prostate cancer: a real-time quantification and in situ hybridization study. Lab Invest 2003;83: 623–33.42. Bussemakers M.J.G., van Bokhoven A., Verhaegh G.W. et al. Isaacs DD3: A new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1999;59: 5975–9.Bussemakers M.J.G., van Bokhoven A., Verhaegh G.W. et al. Isaacs DD3: A new prostate-specific gene, highly overexpressed in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1999;59: 5975–9.43. de Kok J.B., Verhaegh G.W., Roelofs R.W. et al. DD3PCA3, a very sensitive and specific marker to detect prostate tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62: 2695–8.de Kok J.B., Verhaegh G.W., Roelofs R.W. et al. DD3PCA3, a very sensitive and specific marker to detect prostate tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62: 2695–8.44. Tinzl M., Marberger M., Horvath S., Chypre C. DD3PCA3 RNA analysis in urine--a new perspective for detecting prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2004;46(2):182–6, 187.Tinzl M., Marberger M., Horvath S., Chypre C. DD3PCA3 RNA analysis in urine--a new perspective for detecting prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2004;46(2):182–6, 187.45. Rubio J., Ramos D., Lopez-Guerrero J.A. et al. Immunohistochemical expression of ki-67 antigen, cox-2 and bax/bcl-2 in prostate cancer; prognostic value in biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. Eur Urol 2005;48(5):745–51.Rubio J., Ramos D., Lopez-Guerrero J.A. et al. Immunohistochemical expression of ki-67 antigen, cox-2 and bax/bcl-2 in prostate cancer; prognostic value in biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens. Eur Urol 2005;48(5):745–51.46. Rioux-Leclercq N., Leray E., Patard J.J. et al. The utility of Ki-67 expression in the differential diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and ductal adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2005;36(5):531–5.Rioux-Leclercq N., Leray E., Patard J.J. et al. The utility of Ki-67 expression in the differential diagnosis of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and ductal adenocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2005;36(5):531–5.47. Ojea C.A, Mosteiro C.M.J., Dominguez F.F. et al. Prognostic factors of prostate cancer: usefulness of Ki-67 expression in preoperative biopsies. Arch Esp Urol 2004;57(8):805–16.Ojea C.A, Mosteiro C.M.J., Dominguez F.F. et al. Prognostic factors of prostate cancer: usefulness of Ki-67 expression in preoperative biopsies. Arch Esp Urol 2004;57(8):805–16.48. Scholzen T., Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown. J Cell Physiol 2000;182(3):311–22.Scholzen T., Gerdes J. The Ki-67 protein: from the known and the unknown. J Cell Physiol 2000;182(3):311–22.49. Taftachi R., Ayhan A., Ekici S. et al. Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as an independent prognostic marker in patients after prostatectomy: a comparison of PCNA and Ki-67. BJU Int 2005;95(4):650–4.Taftachi R., Ayhan A., Ekici S. et al. Proliferating-cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) as an independent prognostic marker in patients after prostatectomy: a comparison of PCNA and Ki-67. BJU Int 2005;95(4):650–4.50. Mulligan J.M., Mai K.T., Parks W., Gerridzen R.G. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and MIB 1: Markers of locally advanced and biologically aggressive prostate cancer. Can J Urol 1997;4(3):422–5.Mulligan J.M., Mai K.T., Parks W., Gerridzen R.G. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and MIB 1: Markers of locally advanced and biologically aggressive prostate cancer. Can J Urol 1997;4(3):422–5.51. Bantis A., Giannopoulos A., Gonidi M. et al. Expression of p120, Ki-67 and PCNA as proliferation biomarkers in imprint smears of prostate carcinoma and their prognostic value. Cytopathology 2004;15(1):25–31.Bantis A., Giannopoulos A., Gonidi M. et al. Expression of p120, Ki-67 and PCNA as proliferation biomarkers in imprint smears of prostate carcinoma and their prognostic value. Cytopathology 2004;15(1):25–31.52. Draffin J.E., McFarlane S., Hill A. et al. Waugh D44 potentiates the adherence of metastatic prostate and breast cancer cells to one marrow endothelial cells. Cancer Res 2004;64: 5702–11.Draffin J.E., McFarlane S., Hill A. et al. Waugh D44 potentiates the adherence of metastatic prostate and breast cancer cells to one marrow endothelial cells. Cancer Res 2004;64: 5702–11.53. Gu H., Shang P., Zhou C. Expression of CD44v6 and E-cadherin in prostate carcinoma and metastasis of prostate carcinoma. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2004; 10(1): 32–4, 38.Gu H., Shang P., Zhou C. Expression of CD44v6 and E-cadherin in prostate carcinoma and metastasis of prostate carcinoma. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2004; 10(1): 32–4, 38.54. Schoenfeld N., Bauer M.K., Grimm S. The metastasis suppressor gene C33/CD82/KAI1 induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen intermediates. FASEB J 2004;18(1):158–60.Schoenfeld N., Bauer M.K., Grimm S. The metastasis suppressor gene C33/CD82/KAI1 induces apoptosis through reactive oxygen intermediates. FASEB J 2004;18(1):158–60.55. Gao A.C., Lou W., Dong J.T. et al. Defining regulatory elements in the human KAI1 (CD 82) metastasis suppressor gene. Prostate 2003;57(4):256–60.Gao A.C., Lou W., Dong J.T. et al. Defining regulatory elements in the human KAI1 (CD 82) metastasis suppressor gene. Prostate 2003;57(4):256–60.56. Hu W.L., Li Y.Q., He H.X. et al. KAI1/CD82 gene expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and late-stage prostate cancer in Chinese. Asian J Androl 2000;2(3):221–4.Hu W.L., Li Y.Q., He H.X. et al. KAI1/CD82 gene expression in benign prostatic hyperplasia and late-stage prostate cancer in Chinese. Asian J Androl 2000;2(3):221–4.57. Lijovic M., Somers G., Frauman A.G. KAI1/CD82 protein expression in primary prostate cancer and in BPH associated with cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26(1):69–77.Lijovic M., Somers G., Frauman A.G. KAI1/CD82 protein expression in primary prostate cancer and in BPH associated with cancer. Cancer Detect Prev 2002; 26(1):69–77.58. Hofer M.D., Kuefer R., Varambally S. et al. The role of metastasis-associated protein 1 in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 2004;64, 825–9.Hofer M.D., Kuefer R., Varambally S. et al. The role of metastasis-associated protein 1 in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Res 2004;64, 825–9.59. Cloutier S.M., Chagas J.R., Mach J.-P. et al. Substrate specificity of human kallikrein 2 (hK2) as determined by phage display technology. Eur J Biochem. 2002; 269, 2747–54.Cloutier S.M., Chagas J.R., Mach J.-P. et al. Substrate specificity of human kallikrein 2 (hK2) as determined by phage display technology. Eur J Biochem. 2002; 269, 2747–54.60. Diamandis E.P., Yousef G.M. Human tissue kallikreins: A family of new cancer biomarkers. Clin Chem 2002;48 (8): 1198–205.Diamandis E.P., Yousef G.M. Human tissue kallikreins: A family of new cancer biomarkers. Clin Chem 2002;48 (8): 1198–205.61. Haese A., Graefen M., Steuber T. et al. Human glandular kallikrein 2 levels in serum for discrimination of pathologically organ-confined from locally-advanced prostate cancer in total PSA-levels below 10 ng/ml. Prostate 2001;49(2):101–9.Haese A., Graefen M., Steuber T. et al. Human glandular kallikrein 2 levels in serum for discrimination of pathologically organ-confined from locally-advanced prostate cancer in total PSA-levels below 10 ng/ml. Prostate 2001;49(2):101–9.62. Lintula S., Stenman J., Bjartell A. et al. Relative concentrations of hK2/PSA mRNA in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate 2005;63(4):324–9.Lintula S., Stenman J., Bjartell A. et al. Relative concentrations of hK2/PSA mRNA in benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Prostate 2005;63(4):324–9.63. Steuber T., Vickers A.J., Haese A. et al. Risk assessment for biochemical recurrence prior to radical prostatectomy: Significant enhancement contributed by human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) and free prostate specific antigen (PSA) in men with moderate PSA-elevation in serum. Int J Cancer 2006;118(5):1234–40.Steuber T., Vickers A.J., Haese A. et al. Risk assessment for biochemical recurrence prior to radical prostatectomy: Significant enhancement contributed by human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2) and free prostate specific antigen (PSA) in men with moderate PSA-elevation in serum. Int J Cancer 2006;118(5):1234–40.64. Wilson M.J., Haller R., Li S.Y. et al. Elevation of dipeptidylpeptidase iv activities in the prostate peripheral zone and prostatic secretions of men with prostate cancer: possible prostate cancer disease marker. J Urol 2005;174(3):1124–8.Wilson M.J., Haller R., Li S.Y. et al. Elevation of dipeptidylpeptidase iv activities in the prostate peripheral zone and prostatic secretions of men with prostate cancer: possible prostate cancer disease marker. J Urol 2005;174(3):1124–8.65. Wilson M.J., Ruhland A.R., Quast B.J. et al. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV activities are elevated in prostate cancers and adjacent benign hyperplastic glands. J Androl 2000;21(2):220–6.Wilson M.J., Ruhland A.R., Quast B.J. et al. Dipeptidylpeptidase IV activities are elevated in prostate cancers and adjacent benign hyperplastic glands. J Androl 2000;21(2):220–6.66. Xu J., Stolk J.A., Zhang X. et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes in human prostate cancer using subtraction and microarray. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1677–82.Xu J., Stolk J.A., Zhang X. et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes in human prostate cancer using subtraction and microarray. Cancer Res 2000; 60:1677–82.67. Giovannucci E., Rimm E.B., Colditz G.A. et al. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1571–9.Giovannucci E., Rimm E.B., Colditz G.A. et al. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1571–9.68. Evans A.J. Alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S): overview and potential uses in diagnostic pathology as applied to prostate needle biopsies. J Clin Pathol 2003;56:892–7.Evans A.J. Alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase (P504S): overview and potential uses in diagnostic pathology as applied to prostate needle biopsies. J Clin Pathol 2003;56:892–7.69. Nassar A., Amin M.B., Sexton D.G., Cohen C. Utility of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (p504s antibody) as a diagnostic immunohistochemical marker for cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005;13(3):252–5.Nassar A., Amin M.B., Sexton D.G., Cohen C. Utility of alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A racemase (p504s antibody) as a diagnostic immunohistochemical marker for cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2005;13(3):252–5.70. Rubin M.A., Bismar T.A., Andren O. et al. Decreased alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase expression in localized prostate cancer is associated with an increased rate of biochemical recurrence and cancer-specific death. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(6):1424–32.Rubin M.A., Bismar T.A., Andren O. et al. Decreased alpha-methylacyl CoA racemase expression in localized prostate cancer is associated with an increased rate of biochemical recurrence and cancer-specific death. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005;14(6):1424–32.71. Jiang Z., Li C., Fischer A. et al. Using an AMACR (P504S)/34betaE12/p63 cocktail for the detection of small focal prostate carcinoma in needle biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123(2):231–6.Jiang Z., Li C., Fischer A. et al. Using an AMACR (P504S)/34betaE12/p63 cocktail for the detection of small focal prostate carcinoma in needle biopsy specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123(2):231–6.72. Chakravatri A., Zehr E.M., Zietman A.L. et al. Thymosin beta-15 predicts for distant failure in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer-results from a pilot study. Urology 2000;55(5):635–8.Chakravatri A., Zehr E.M., Zietman A.L. et al. Thymosin beta-15 predicts for distant failure in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer-results from a pilot study. Urology 2000;55(5):635–8.73. Hutchinson L.M., Chang E.L., Becker C.M. et al. Use of thymosin beta15 as a urinary biomarker in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2005;64(2):116–27.Hutchinson L.M., Chang E.L., Becker C.M. et al. Use of thymosin beta15 as a urinary biomarker in human prostate cancer. Prostate 2005;64(2):116–27.